THE CAMBRIDGE RITUALISTS:

Jane Ellen Harrison, Gilbert Murray, Francis M. Cornford, and A. B. Cook.

Web Supplement to:
The Cambridge Ritualists: An Annotated Bibliography of the Works by and About Jane Ellen Harrison, Gilbert Murray, Francis M. Cornford, and Arthur Bernard Cook, by Shelley Arlen. Metuchen, N. J.: Scarecrow Press, 1990.

INTRODUCTION

Since publication of my bibliography in 1990, numerous additional works referring to the myth and ritual scholars known as the Cambridge Ritualists, have been published.  This includes three major works on Harrison herself, two biographical and one regarding her influence on literary modernism.  In the meantime, another medium has flowered, the Internet, and relevant information is now available there, though the stability of the Web leaves much to be desired (while engaged in compiling this bibliography, sites for the full text of Jane Ellen Harrison’s Themis and A. B. Cook’s Zeus have been removed).  My aim here is to provide an addendum to my 1990 bibliography.

My fascination with the group continues.  I have published one article on the criticism of Harrison by her male colleagues and am currently working on another regarding Murray’s translations of Greek plays.  I like to think that my bibliography has drawn attention to and interest in the Cambridge Ritualists and  the individuals involved, and that it has facilitated the scholarship of others.

I thank the University of Florida for providing me a sabbatical leave in the Spring of 2002, to work on this bibliography and my manuscript on Murray’s translations.  Ms. Dale Canelas, Directory of the Smathers Libraries, Carol Turner, Associate Director, and my Department Chair, Gary Cornwell, are three individuals I want to particularly thank, although numerous others enabled my time off.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Cambridge Ritualists School

Ackerman, Robert.
     “Fortunes Of Cambridge - Myth And Ritual In Anglo-American Criticism.”  Social Science Information 15 (1976): 6: 919-28.

---.  J.G. Frazer: His Life and Work.  Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1987.

Reviews:
Ben-Amos, Dan.  Journal of American Folklore 103, no. 408 (1990): 219-20.
Boon, James.  The New York Times Book Review  6 March 1988: 16, col. 1.
Feldman, Burton.  American Scholar Spring 1989 v58, no. 2 (1989): 305-08.
Jarvie, I. C.  MAN  24, no. 3 (1989): 530-31.
Jenkyns, Richard.  The New Republic 18 April 1988 (v198, no. 16): 40-43.
Jones, Robert Alun.  Contemporary Sociology 17, no. 4 (1988): 524-26.
King, Ursula.  Scottish Journal of Theology 43: 1 (1990): 129-32.
Kuklick, Henrika.  The American Journal of Sociology 94, no. 4 (1989): 898-901.
Lienhardt, Robert.  The Times Literary Supplement  5 Feb. 1988 (n4427): 131.
Partin, Harry B.  The Christian Century 7 Dec. 1988 (v105 n37): 1128.
Phillips III, C. Robert.  American Journal of Philology 110, no. 4 (1989): 637-XX. (22)
Segal, Robert A.  Journal of the American Academy of Religion 57, no. 3 (1989): 625-27.
---.  The Southern Review 26, no. 2 (1990): 470-73.
Stocking Jr., George W.  Classical Philology 85, no. 1 (1990): 80-83.
Vickery, John B.  Victorian Studies 32, no. 4 (1989): 607-08.
Walcot, P.  Greece & Rome 38: 2 (1991): 269-72.
Wiedemann, Thomas.  History: The Journal of the Historical Association 74, no. 240 (1989): 111-12.

---. The Myth and Ritual School: J.G. Frazer and the Cambridge Ritualists.  New York: Garland, 1991.

Reviews:
Bailey, Lee W.  Journal of the American Academy of Religion 61: 4: (1993): 813-15.
Calder, William M.  Bryn Mawr Classical Review 02.05.01.  Rpt. in
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/1991/02.05.01.html
Katz, Ruth Cecily.  Religion 24: 4 (1994): 379-80.
Ray, John.  History Today 42 (1992): 55.
Stocking Jr., George W.  Victorian Studies 36: 2 (1993): 232-33.
Wiebe, Donald.  Zygon 28: 1 (1993): 120-22.

---.  Religion as critique.

Reviews:
Smith, Donald L.  Library Journal 110 (1985): 170.

Africa, T. W.  “The Owl at Dusk: Two Centuries of Classical Scholarship.” Journal of the History of Ideas 54:1 (1993): 143-63.  Available online in JSTOR, by subscription only.
        Gilbert Murray was a great popularizer, and Jane Harrison is only one of only two women represented.  Among the biographical data that reveal trends, Cornford married into the Darwin clan, and Murray married a titled Lady whose family owned Castle Howard;  Arnold J. Toynbee married Murray’s daughter.  Contains a good summary of the work of the Cambridge Ritualists and of each member of the group (p. 157-59).  As the Cambridge Ritualists have been revived, "‘students of religion appreciate the Ritualists’ emphasis on emotion and the unconscious, ritual and social fabric.”

Archer, William.  The Old Drama and the New: An Essay in Re-valuation.  Boston: Small, 1923. 6-8.
     Advocates the theory of the origin of tragedy as put forth by Murray and Cornford.

Arlen, Shelley A. The Cambridge Ritualists: An Annotated Bibliography of Works by and about Jane Ellen Harrison, Gilbert Murray, Francis M. Cornford, and Arthur Bernard Cook.  Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow P, 1990.
        Over 2,000 entries on the lives and works of these British classicists, including reviews, letters to The Times.  The original date of publication and subsequent editions and issue dates are given for the books by the four Ritualists (translated editions are not included). Murray's bibliography is the largest section;  it reflects his work with the League of Nations Union and his Liberal politics.

Reviews:
Booknews, http://www.booknews.com/ (available by subcription only).
Calder, William M., III.  Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2 (1991):4: 3.  Available online:
http://www.infomotions.com/serials/bmcr/bmcr-v2n04-calder-cambridge.txt
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/1991/02.04.03.html
Folklore 103 (1992): 1: 120.
Jurgens, J. C.  Choice 28 (1991): 1611.
Lloyd-Jones, H.  Classical Review 42 (1992): 235-36.
Traill, D. A.  Classical World 85: 2 (1991): 142.
Vyhnanek, Louis.  RQ  31 (1992): 4: 508.

Carpentier, Martha Celeste.  “Mother, Maid and Witch:  Hellenic Female Archetypes in Modern British Literature.”  Diss.  Fordham U, 1988.  Abstract available in DAI 49-07A: 1807.
        Harrison discovered the priority of matriarchal cults over the patriarchal Olympian gods and, with Murray and Cornford, formulated the “ritual theory.”  She maintained the origin of Greek drama was in Dionysian ritual.  Carpentier examines the matriarch in the works of James Joyce and T. S. Eliot.  In particular, she finds Harrison’s analysis of ancient matrilineal cults is necessary to fully understand Molly Bloom’s archetypal role.

---.  Ritual, myth, and the modernist text: the influence of Jane Ellen Harrison on Joyce, Eliot and Woolf.  Amsterdam.  The Netherlands: Gordon and Breach, 1998.
        This revision of Carpentier's dissertation (above) credits Harrison, rather than Sir James Frazer, with promoting the idea of a mythic pattern.  Texts examined include Ulysses, Sweeny, and To the Lighthouse.

Cartledge, Paul.  “The Greeks and Anthropology.” Anthropology Today 10: 3(1994): ?? .  Rpt. In Classics Ireland 2 (1995): np.  Also available online: http://www.ucd.ie/~classics/95/Cartledge95.html
        Recounts the history of Classicists who incorporated anthropology into their work, from Sir James Frazer and the ‘irrational, semi-sentimental, Polynesian, free-verse and sex-freedom Hellenism of all the gushful geysers of ‘rapturous rubbish’ about the greek spirit,’ referring to the Cambridge Ritualists to current scholarship.  Distinguishes two schools of comparative anthropology, those who homogenize heterogenous cultures and those who highlight cultural difference.

Foy, Roslyn Reso.  “’The Soul Living At Its Fullest Capacity’: Myth, Ritual, And Mysticism In The Work Of Mary Butts.”  Ph.D.  U of Connecticut, 1996.  Abstract available in DAI 57-12a: 5163.
         Sir James Frazer, Jessie Weston, and Harrison and the Cambridge Ritualists were early sources of literary inspiration to Butts and affected her interpretation of the Grail Legend in modern society.  Two issues that dominate her writings are the female principle and the scapegoat.

Finley, M. I.  “Anthropology and the Classics.”  In The Use and Abuse of History.  London: Penguin, 1975.  102-19.
         The Jane Harrison Memorial Lecture, delivered at Newnham College, 13 May 1972, “slightly revised, with the help of comments by J. R. Goody.”

Gerson, Gal.  “Liberals and the Carnivalesque: Gilbert Murray and Francis Cornford on ritual.”  History of European Ideas  24 (1998): 4-5: 331-54.
         The ritualist school of Harrison, Murray and Cornford broke with rationalist classicism and presented a view of ancient Greece based on a collective and ecstatic Dionysian ritual that preceded narrative myth.  The subjugation of the ecstatic led to the later elements of reason and philosophy.  However, generated by political liberals with ethical-humanist outlooks, this theory was seen to accommodate the threatening undercurrents of rationalism.  Individual choice could coincide with community, both leading to universal progress.  Gives a summary history of ritualism.

Gras, Vernon.  “Cambridge Ritualists.”  In The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory & Criticism.  Ed. Michael Groden and Martin Kreiswirth.  Baltimore:  Johns Hopkins UP, 1994.  128-31.  Available online by subscription:
http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/entries/cambridge_ritualists.html
         Extensive summary of the Cambridge Ritualists and their influence on theories regarding the origin of religion, literature, and art.  Discusses Sir James Frazer’s role as synthesizer of world myths and rituals.  “Unlike Frazer, the Cambridge group were not interested in explaining myths by how primitives thought, but by what they did” (129).

Gregory, Eileen.  H. D. and Hellenism: Classic Lines.  Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997.
         The poet was influenced by the Cambridge Ritualists.  The renewed interest in ancient religion at the beginning of the twentieth century brought about by anthropological studies, as represented in the writings of Harrison.

Humphreys, S. C.  “The Work of Louis Gernet.” History and Theory 10 (19XX): 2: 172-96.  Available online in JSTOR.
         Both a classical scholar and a Durkheimian sociologist, Gernet is a link between both the late 19th century anthropologists and the Cambridge Ritualists and modern classicists once again influenced by anthropology.

Le Marchant, A.  Greek Religion to the Time of Hesiod.  Manchester: Sherratt and Hughes, 1923.
         Criticizes Murray and Harrison for ignoring the evidence and refusing to believe the Greeks sacrificed (26-28).

Niesen, Laura Elizabeth.  “The Refining Fire:  Classical and Christian purgation in T. S. Eliot's works.”  Ph.D.  U of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1982.  Abstract available in DAI 43-05A: 1540.
         Eliot’s extensive reading in comparative religion and anthropology led him to the works of writings of Hellenic scholars and the Cambridge anthropologists such as Jane Harrison and Francis Cornford from which he drew for his heroic ideal.  Themes of purgation leading to spiritual refinement unify Eliot's poetry, drama, and prose.  He the rhythm of birth, death, and resurrection as a paradigm of periodicity involving  meaningless suffering. His Christian poetry argues that cyclic, nihilistic experience can be transformed into spiritually meaningful religious experience if the hero undertakes a quest that is at some times terrifying, at other points sterile, and at all times demands patience. Primary is belief in Christ's career of birth, death, and resurrection as archetypal of all human purgation and illumination. Eliot's later poetry and drama is based on the hero's saving sacrifice that renews the community.  Classical heroes and sacrificed victims whose purgatorial agony brought renewal in their communities. These heroes became important archetypes for twentieth-century poetry. The need for a religious purpose and a religious hero was a major concern throughout Eliot's career.

Seaford, Richard.  “George Thomson and Ancient Greece.” Classics Ireland 4 (1997): 121-33. 
         Originally a conference paper on the life and work of George Thomson at the University of Birmingham, 1 July, 1989.  Thomson was a successor of the Cambridge School of Hellenists.  While the Cambridge School was unable to explain fundamental change, Thomson’s use of the material led him to Marxism.  Thomson extended the scope of their synthesis of traditional classicism with archaeological, ethnological, and sociological analysis.  Such necessary synthesis is lacking in and rejected by contemporary classical scholarship.  Contends that Thomsom was the greatest Hellenist of his generation.

Segal, Robert A.  “Making the Myth-Ritualist Theory Scientific.” Religion 30 (2000): 3: 259-71. 
         Walter Burkert links myth and ritual to biology.  Surveys other ideas on myth and ritual.  Places the Cambridge Ritualists’ (notably Harrison’s) theories on myth and ritual in an intellectual context and contrasts with other myth-ritualist theories.  Harrison considered both myth and ritual as magical for practical ends;  a defunct ritual becomes art (e.g. drama).

Stray, Christopher. Classics Transformed: Schools, universities, and society in England, 1830-1960.  Oxford: Clarendon P, 1998.
         Scattered references to the influence of Harrison, Murray, Cornford, and Cook on the study of the classics.  The kind of intercollegial organization espoused by Cornford in 1903 emerged in the late 1920s.  The irrationalism of Harrison, the ritualist school, and the drive for scientific positivism and research based on fieldwork were all reasons that anthropology broke away from the classics after the 1920s.  In this ideological shift, anthropology broke away from history, psychology, and classics.  A section on “Reworking the Absolute: Gilbert Murray and ‘Evolutionary Humanistic Hellenism.’” (p. 222-25) discusses his view of Hellenism as ;progressive, from unreason and instinct toward rational freedom and the striving for the ideal.

---.  “Digs and Degrees: Jessie Crum’s Tour of Greece, Easter 1901. Classics Ireland 2 (1995): 121-31.
         Identifies a photograph of William Dorpfeld lecturing at Mycenae, accompanied by Harrison and Jessie Crum (Stewart).  Crum’s travel diary indicates the two were with Dorpfeld on Saturday, April 13, 1901.  The photo was probably taken by Hilda Lorimer. Jessie Crum (Steward) was a student and friend of Harrison’s who published her mentor’s biography in 1959.  A. B. Cook was there as well, also Furtwangler.  Relates reactions to Crum’s first class degree on the archaeology section of the Classical Tripos.  Notes that Harrison’s strong indiviuality was expressed in her ‘picturesque dress,’ including glittering shawls and flowered hats.

---.  “The First Century of the Classical Tripos (1822-1922): High culture and the politics of curriculum.”  In Classics in 19th and 20th Century Cambridge: Curriculum, Culture and Community.  Ed. Christopher Stray.  Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, supplement 24.  Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society, 1999.  1-14.
         Brief notes on Cornford and Harrison.  One of Cornford's proposed reforms in his pamphlet, The Cambridge Classical Course, was that different colleges could offer the same lecture courses(9, 13).  The lessons in his Microcosmographia Academica could be applied to the political history of the Tripos (9).   In a footnote, Stray mentions that Harrison, Frazer, and Verrall were among the small number of college tutors who began teaching the classics “less as the transmission of the eternal values enshrined in classical authors” and more as exploration of a mysterious ancient world.  In their cases, they were also motivated by resistance to conventional Christianity (12).

Stuart, Donald Clive.  “The Origin of Greek Tragedy in the Light of Dramatic Technique.”  Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 47 (1916): 173-204.
         Sides with the theory of Ridgeway against that of Murray and Cornford.  Greek tragedy evolved from a ritual to dead heroes.

“Theories of Myth:  Historic Retrospective.”  Available online: http://mason.gmu.edu/~oarans/theor.html
         Calls the work of the Cambridge Ritualists “tremendously important, extremely influential and illuminating, and, of late, also much repudiated body of research.”  Their work led to the end of the search for primary meanings of myths, as espoused by Max Muller.

Tilden, Norma Jeanne.  Ghost Behind You: Anthropological sources as shaping presences in T. S. Eliot's The Family Reunion.  Ph.D. diss.  New York U, 1993.  Abstract available in DAI 55: 4A: 960.
        Eliot acknowledged that his verse play was based upon a Greek model: the Eumenides, the third play of the Oresteia trilogy. However, a close examination of the text of Eliot's play discloses his unacknowledged, but substantial "borrowings" from the Cambridge anthropologists. In the works of Jane Ellen Harrison and Gilbert Murray, Eliot discovered ritual characters, a ritual plot, and a theory of ritual-religious drama which he set in operation beneath the modern play. Through the dramatic verse, Eliot attempted to ritualize the action, blending realistic, contemporary dialogue with a poetry of visionary memory that serves to define the dramatic action as recurrent, both "re-done" and "pre-done" as theorized by the Cambridge Ritualists.  Eliot negotiated his "individual talent" within a tradition of texts.

Tindall, William York.  D. H. Lawrence & Susan His Cow.  New York: Columbia UP, 1939.
         Lawrence had read Murray and Harrison.  According to Tindall, he found her “schoolmarmy,” but his principal debt in understanding ritual and divining his own utopia came from her Ancient Art and Ritual.

Woolf, Virginia.  The Diary of Virginia Woolf.  Ed. Anne Olivier Bell.  New York: Harcourt, 1977.  v. 1 (1915-1919).  v. 3: 181.
         Briefly mentions meetings with Jane Harrison and Gilbert Murray.  See esp.  pp. 25, 188, 210, 221.  At one time, Murray considered hiring Leonard Woolf as his secretary (p. 221).  Woolf attended Harrison’s funeral at St. Marylebone Cemetery, Finchley, North London v. 3: 181.)

JANE ELLEN HARRISON

WORKS BY

Alpha and Omega.
        Review:
        Johnston, G. A.  International Journal of Ethics 28 (1917/1918) 127-29.

Ancient Art and Ritual.
       Preview of the first 14 pages is available online from Kessinger Publishing: http://www.kessinger-publishing.com/searchresults_orderthebook.lasso?Author=Harrison,%20Jane%20Ellen&Submit=Query

Epilegomena

Review:
Threskian Writings.  Available online: http://www.geocities.com/threskian_logos/writings.html

Prolegomena to the Study of the Greek Religion.

Reviews:
American Journal of Religious Psychology and Education1 (1904:May-1905:Aug.) 319.
Dyer, L.  Nation: a Weekly Journal Devoted to Politics,Literature, Science, and Art 78
(1904): 434.  (Dyer has been identified as the author of this review, according to the online database, Poole’s Plus.)
Threskian Writings.  Available online: http://www.geocities.com/threskian_logos/writings.html

The Religion of Ancient Greece.

Review:
Heidel, W. A. The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 5 July 1906: 384-85.

Themis: A Study of the Social Origins of Greek Religion.  Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1912.  Available online:  http://efts.lib.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/eos/eos_title.pl?callnum=BL781.H32
        Sanford Friedman called Themis “a stunning feat of the creative imagination . . . I find the book inexhaustibly stimulating and suggestive.  In Writer’s Choice: A Library of rediscoveries.  By Linda Sternberg Katz and Bill Katz.  Reston, VA: Reston, 1983.  189.
        Reviews:
        DiDonato, R.  Belfagor 52 (1997): 3: 366-69.
        Heidel, W. A. The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 10 April, 1913: 218-221.
        Hogarth, D. G.  Times Literary Supplement 21 March 1912: 115.  (Written anonymously.)
        Threskian Writings.  Available online: http://www.geocities.com/threskian_logos/writings.html

Harrison, Jane Ellen.  “O Weep for Adonais.”  Speaker  February 2, 1907: 532.

Letter.  Women’s Leader and Common Cause 27 June 1912: 188.
      Dr. Verrall: A remembrance.  Characterizes A. W. Verrall as reasonable, tolerant, courteous, pacifistic, exemplar of “perfect Liberalism.”

REVIEWS by Harrison

Dieterich, Albrecht.  Mutter Erde: Ein Versuch iiber Volksreligion. International Journal of Ethics 16 (1905/1906): 513.

Farnell, Lewis. The Cults of the Greek States. Man 10 (1910): 30-31.

PERFORMANCES

Euripides.  Alcestis.  Oxford University Dramatic Society (OUDS), 1887.
         Harrison played the part of Alcestis.

Reviews:
Athenaeum 28 May 1887: 712-13.
Cambridge Review 25 May 1887: 345-56.
The Times 19 May 1887.

Euripides.  Ion.  Cambridge University, 1890.
         Harrison participated in this production.

Reviews:
Athenaeum  1 (1890): 747.
Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art 70 (1890): 616.

Warr, George C. W.  The Tale of Troy. 1883.
         Harrison played Penelope in the Greek version.  To benefit the series of Lectures for Women at King’s College London.  The Vanity Fair review, subtitled, “When Freake Meets Greek, Then Comes the Tug of War,” was a parody of a passage from the Rival Queens, by Nathaniel Lee: (“When Greeks joined Greeks . . ..”)

Reviews:
The Times 30 May 1883: 10;  31 May 1883: 5.
Saturday Review 9 June 1883: 723-24.
Pall Mall Gazette 30 May 1883: 6;  31 May 1883: 4.
Athenaseum 2 June 1883: 710.
The Graphic 2 June 1883: 546.
Vanity Fair 2 June 1883: 299.

WORKS ABOUT

Ackerman, Robert.  “Jane Ellen Harrison: By Myth begotten.” Religion 31 (2001): 67-74.

Review article of Mary Beard’s The Invention of Jane Harrison.  Beard often goes out of her way to present herself as Harrison’s adversary, yet both display a personal and subjective style of scholarship.  Ackerman, himself, is the main creator of the Harrison myth, in his 1969 dissertation, and he is the subject of Beard’s criticism..

Ackroyd, P.  T. S. Eliot.  London, 1984.  258-59.
         At one time, Eliot knew Hope Mirrlees well enough to lodge with her.

Allen, Ann Taylor.  “Feminism, Social Science, and the Meanings of Modernity: The Debate on the Origin of the Family in Europe and the United States, 1860-1914.”  American Historical Review 104 (1999): 4: 1085-113.
         Harrison was one of the first female academics to challenge patriarchal bias in her work and to have a substantial impact on academic disciplines.  After her work, the belief in the universality of patriarchy had to be argued for rather than assumed.

Arlen, Shelley.  “’For Love of an Idea’: Jane Ellen Harrison, heretic and humanist.”  Women’s History Review 5 (1996): 2: 165-90.
         Examines evidence that criticism of Harrison by her male colleagues (particularly William Ridgeway and M. R. James) was prompted in large measure by her atheism, pacifism, and feminism. 

---.  “Jane Ellen Harrison: M. R. James’s Nemesis.” Ghosts & Scholars  31 (2000): 38-42.
     Gives evidence of the biases toward women and Harrison in particular of M. R. James, Cambridge scholar and writer of popular ghost stories.

Barrett, E. “Matriarchal Myth On A Patriarchal Stage.” Twentieth Century Literature 33 (1987): 1: 18-37.
    Literary analysis of Virginia Woolf’s work, Between The Acts, that discusses Harrison’s influence on the novel.

Beard, Mary.  “Frazer, Leach, and Virgil: The Popularity (and Unpopularity) of the Golden Bough (in Imperial Visions).”  Comparative Studies in Society and History 34 (1992): 2: 203-24.
         Harrison’s interest in James Frazer’s work gave it academic respectability despite charges leveled by Edmund Leach that Frazer plagiarized and distorted the ethnographic accounts of others.  Contrasts the works of Harrison with those of Frazer:  hers were “technical studies of classical religious history” while Frazer’s works took a wider frame of reference in calling attention to universals of mankind.

---.  “The Invention (and Re-Invention) of ‘Group D’: An Archaeology of the Classical Tripos, 1879-1984.”  In Classics in 19th and 20th Century Cambridge: Curriculum, Culture and Community.  Ed. Christopher Stray.  Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, supplement 24.  Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society, 1999.  95-134.
         The combination of an interest in myth and ritual, and the use of visual arts of the Cambridge Ritualists (primarily Harrison) arose in response to the classics Section D.  “’Ritualism’ was born within the Classical Tripos, not in opposition to it” (104).

---The Invention of Jane Harrison.  Revealing Antiquity 14.  Cambridge: Harvard UP, 2000.
         Archival research sheds light on Harrison’s life before she began teaching at Newnham College:  relationship with Eugenia Sellers,  Focuses on how the myth of Jane arose.

Reviews:
Ackerman, Robert.  Religion 31 (2001): 67-74.  ONLINE??
Davidson, James.  The Guardian: Saturday Review 29 July 2000: 10.
Economist 356, issue 8188, 16 Sept. 2000: 94.  (Available online in Academic Index and
Ebscohost, with subscription.)
Jardine, Lisa.  The Sunday Times Culture Magazine 6 August 2000: 41.
Lowry, Elizabeth.  Times Literary Supplement 30 June 2000: 12.
Padel, Ruth.  The Independent on Sunday 30 July 2000: 29-30.
Premo, Diane Gardner.  Library Journal 15 Sept. 2000: 85.  (Available online in Academic Index and Ebscohost, with subscription.)
Shanzer, D.  Choice 38 (2001): 5: 900.
Tapllin, Oliver.  The Independent: The Weekend Review 12 August 2000: 11.

---.  “'Pausanias in Petticoats,’ or The Blue Jane.”  In Pausanias: Travel and memory in Roman Greece.  Ed. Susan E. Alcock, John F. Cherry, and Jas Elsner.  Oxford: Oxford UP, 2001.  224-39.
        The text of Pausanias, especially the descriptions of Athens in Book I, was heavily disputed by scholars during the nineteenth century and the varied interpretations correlate with important controversies of theory, method, and approach. Harrison and Verrall travelled in Greece for three months in preparation for their book on Pausanias, Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens (1890).  It was in this book that Harrison first noted that myth is ritual practice misunderstood and thus the work lays claim to being the beginning of "ritualism.". Though forgotten today, it is one of the most famous books on Pausanias written in the nineteenth century. It was a strange book, with only excerpts of Pausanias given and in it, Harrison emphasized topography in relation to myth.  She lamented the cost-cutting engraving process that Macmillan insisted upon.  Verrall's translation was adequate but Greek accents were carelessly disregarded.  Critics were also influenced by the fact that the book was the work of two women.  Some noted that the style was fresh, lively, and vivacious.  Others attributed the work to Dorpfeld, suggesting that Harrison has appropriated his work.  Still, it was generally acknowledged as the best guide to Athens and a major archaeological publication.  The book "heralded a whole series of new approaches to the mytholography of Athens" (235).  Beard questions the function of the commentary and how that relates to Pausanias. 

---.  A Very Short Introduction to Classics.  Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.
         Details the history academia’s habit of touring to Bassae, a trip which Harrison took with her good friend, the art critic, D. S. MacColl, in 1888.

Beausang M.  “Portrait of Marge and Other Peripheral Characters in Finnegans Wake.”  Poetique 26 (1976): 221-231.
         Literary analysis that refers to the use Joyce made of myth as learned from Harrison.

Berenson, Bernard.  The Letters of Bernard Berenson and Isabella Stewart Gardner, 1887-1924.  Ed. Rollin Van N. Hadley.  Boston:  Northeastern UP, 1987.  423-24.
         A letter to Gardner from Mary Berenson mentions giving a French dressing-gown to Harrison who was having an operation.

Bock, Joyce Helen.  “D. H. Lawrence: Modern Narrative And Ancient Myth.”  Ph.D.  State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1995.  Abstract available in DAI 56: 11A: 4404, and online in Dissertation Abstracts, First Search, by subscription only.
         Discusses the influence of Harrison’s book, Ancient Art and Ritual, on Lawrence.  From her work, Lawrence devised a theory of art based on ancient Greek rituals.  Blood Consciousness.  Her work then led him to the works of James G. Frazer.  Analyzes The Rainbow, Women in Love, and The Plumed Serpent in terms of the “totemic characterization” by which mankind yearns for completion with another in the act of the Sacred Marriage.

Bock, Kenneth E.  “The Comparative Method of Anthropology (in Comparative Methods).”  Comparative Studies in Society and History 8 (1966): 3: 269-80.
Ancient Art and Ritual was one of the pioneer works that utilized the comparative method and was concerned with constructing stages of civilization.

Boone J.  A.  “A New Approach To Bloom As Womanly Man: The Mixed middlings progress in Ulysses.” James Joyce Quarterly 20 (1982): 1: 67-85.
         Refers to Joyce’s use of myth in his work, and the influence of Harrison.

Borland, M. D. S. MacColl: Painter, Poet and Critic.  Harpenden, 1995.
         Biography of MacColl, friend to Harrison.  They collaborated on the 1894 work, Greek Vase Paintings.  At one time, they were engaged to be married.  Harrison "demanded intellectual stimulation from her suitors" and she met her match in MacColl, "so much so that he destroyed her faith in her own abilties" (51) but their friendship eventually survived . Details the trip to Greece in 1887. 

Boughn, John Michael.  “H.D.: A Bibliography.”  Ph. D.  State University of New York at Buffalo, 1989.  Abstract available in DAI 5: 3A: 849, and online in Dissertation Abstracts, First Search, by subscription only.
         Includes an extended essay, “Where Splendor Begins,” that explores H. D.’s work that preceded the war trilogy, noting the influence of contemporaries Mary Butts, Laura Riding, and Harrison in their uses of myth.  Recent ideas of “mythic revisionism” have misrepresented their work.

Breay, Claire.  “Women and the Classical Tripos 1869-1914.”  In Classics in 19th and 20th Century Cambridge: Curriculum, Culture and Community.  Ed. Christopher Stray.  Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, supplement 24.  Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society, 1999.  49-70.
         The practice of women taking University exams was a controversial issue when Girton and Newnham Colleges were founded.  Women were much less prepared to read classics because of the lack of education for girls.  Opponents of the higher education of women used this discrepancy between the sexes to further their own agenda.  It was Harrison who, in 1875, persuaded Margaret Merrifield to read classics instead of political economy and moral science, in spite of the fact that “she knew little Latin and no Greek (53).”  In 1880, Merrifield (later Mrs. A. W. Verrall) was appointed Newnham College’s first classics lecturer, in preference to Harrison, who then pursued her own archaeological research and moved to London where she lived until 1898.  A Girton student in 1910 took Cook’s course on Greek sculpture. In 1890, the same year she published Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens, Harrison was asked to lecture at Newnham.  Her lectures at the Archaeological Museum were the first ones given in a University building by a woman and were attended largely by Members of the University as well as the women students.  Harrison became a member of the college council in 1894;  she came back into residence in 1898 and was appointed a staff lecturer in 1899  In 1900-1903, she was the first holder of an Associates’ Research Fellowship.  Her teaching schedule was flexible to allow for travel and research, and she was able to publish nine books during that time.  Most of her teaching consisted of lectures preparing students for Section D of Part II. In 1903, the Part II, Section D paper asked five questions on mythology and religion drawn from Prolegomena;  Harrison became the first woman to have such an impact on the Tripos.

Broneer, Oscar.  “Eros and Aphrodite on the North Slope of the Acropolis in Athens.”  Hesperia 1(1932): 31-55.
         Compares several translations and interpretations of the passage in which Pausanias describes the descent of the Arrephoroi through an underground passage, including those of W. H. S. Jones, Kavvadias, and Harrison.  Harrison suggested the westernmost stairway between the north porch of the Erechtheum and the Propylaea, in Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens, 163.  Kavvadias’s excavations (1897) found traces of an earlier stairway and assumed that the Arrephoroi descended that one.  The author proposes the explanation that Pausanias confused the two sanctuaries of Aphrodite.

Burnside, Carol.  “Jane Ellen Harrison’s Contribution to the Study of Religion.”  Religion 24 (1994): 1: 67-72.
A review essay on Jane Ellen Harrison: The Mask and the Self, by Sandra Peacock. Burnside’s critique emphasizes the scholarly side of Peacock's analysis of Harrison.  Finds fault with Peacock’s analysis of the psychological side, Harrison’s personality and life.  Discusses Harrison's contributions to the academic study of religion.

Burston D.  “Myth, Religion and Mother Right:  Bachofen influence on psychoanalytic theory.” Contemporary Psychoanalysis 22 (1986): 4: 666-87.
         Bachofen’s theories on matriarchy were espoused by Harrison and helped to them popularized through her works.

Carpentier Martha.  “Eleusinian Archetype and Ritual in Eumaeus and Ithaca.”  James Joyce Quarterly 28 (1990): 1: 221-38.
         Harrison’s work in myth and ritual influenced Joyce’s writings.

---.  “Orestes In The Drawing Room: Aeschylean parallels in T. S. Eliot’s The Family Reunion.” Twentieth Century Literature 35 (1989): 1: 17-42.

Cartwright, Julia.  A Bright Remembrance: The Diaries of Julia Cartwright, 1851-1924.  London: Weidenfeld, 1989.  223.
         Brief mention that Harrison fainted after a lecture at the Sesame Club in February, 1898.

Christ, Carol P.  ‘”A Different World: Archaeology and the History of Religion: The Challenge of the work of Marija Gimbutas to the dominant world-view of western cultures.” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 12 (1996): 2: 53-66.
         Scholars like Gimbutas and Harrison who promote the idea of matri-focality in ancient religion, challenge the patriarchal dominance assumed by historians and archaeologists and have not been given a fair hearing.

---.  “The Legacy of Marija Gimbutas: Introduction. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 12 (1996): 2: 31-35.
Harrison’s emphasis on the primacy of the female principle has, in light of 20th century archaeological discoveries, been expanded on by Gimbutas.  This volume is dedicated to studies of Gimbutas.

Clegg, David.  Letter.  The Times Literary Supplement 17-23 Feb. 1989:  177.
         Jane Ellen Harrison and Acting at Oxford.  Notes an erroneous caption to the photograph of Harrison as Alcestis, Oxford University Dramatic Society, 1877.  The OUDS was not founded until 1885.

Clemens, Anna Valdine.  "Art, Myth and Ritual in Le Guin's The Left Hand Of Darkness."  Canadian Review of American Studies 17(1986): 4: 423-36.
        Studies on the relationship between ritual and art as conducted by Harrison and others can help elucidate themes in The Left Hand of Darkness that have been previously overlooked.  The Foretelling ceremony, for instance, is a re-enactment of primitive ritual.

Comentale, Edward.  “Thesmophoria: Suffragettes, sympathetic magic, and H. D.’s ritual poetics.  Modernism/Modernity 8 (2001): 3: 471-92.   Available fulltext in Project Muse by subscription.
         Literary analysis that discusses Harrison’s views on ritual and her influence on H. D.

Connelly, J. B.  “Parthenon and Parthenoi: A Mythological interpretation of the Parthenon frieze.  American Journal of Archaeology 100 (1996): 1: 53-80.

Cowart, D.  “Matriarchal Mythopoesis: Naylor's 'Mama Day.'” Philological Quarterly 77 (1998): 4: 439-59.
         Analyzes Gloria Naylor’s work as a use of the myth of matriarchy noting that, in Black culture, matriarchy is a major part of the social structure.

Cramer, Patricia. “Matriarchal Myth-Making for a Post-Patriarchal Age: The Anti-war writing of Virginia Woolf and Hilda Doolittle.”  Ph.D.  U of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1989.  Abstract available in DAI 50-07A:2060, and online in Dissertation Abstracts, First Search, by subscription only.
   Woolf and Doolittle analyzed the causes of war from a women's perspective.  They interpreted war as the inevitable consequence of a patriarchal culture centered on an ideal of masculinity which fostered violence in men. This was commonly held by female intellectuals of their time, notably, Karen Horney, Ruth Benedict, and Jane Harrison.  They were part of the literary movement of their time that challenged traditional ideas of gender, sexuality, and myth.  They were particularly influenced by early twentieth century theories of myth, especially concerning matriarchy.

---. “Virginia Woolf: Matriarchal family of origins in Between the Acts.” Twentieth Century Literature 39 (1993): 2: 166-84.
         Discusses Harrison’s influence on Woolf’s work.

Davidson, C.  “T. S. Eliot’s Murder in the Cathedral and the Saints-Play Tradition.”  Papers in Language and Literature 21 (1985): 2: 152-69.

Davidson, James.  “Secret History.” The Guardian: Saturday Review 29 July 2000: 10.
         Considers Harrison a Decadent and Effeminate.  Reviews Beard' book, The Invention of Jane Harrison.

Davis, Philip G.  Goddess Unmasked: The Rise of Neopagan feminist spirituality.  Dallas, Tx: Spence P., 1998.
            Briefly considers Harrison's Prolegomena for its theories that the profusion of goddess cults reflected the high status of women and that it was the patriarchal conquest that fragmented the original Mother Goddess into different female deities.  Later, in Themis, Harrison made the distinction between matrilineality and matriarchy, and abandoned her earlier views.  Elizabeth Gould Davis (in First Sex,) not only ignored Harrison's later views, "she effectively censored them" (286).  Advocates in the Goddess movement continue to celebrate Prolegomena.

Downing, Constance.  “Lesbian Mythology.” Historical Reflections/Reflexions Historiques 20 (1994): 2: 169-99.
         The fact that two women live together does not necessarily indicate they are lesbians.  Harrison’s so-called lesbian relationship with Hope Mirrlees cannot be verified.

Downing, M.  “Prehistoric Goddesses:  The Cretan challenge."  Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 1 (1985): 1: 7-22.
         The many figurines of the Serpent Goddess found in Crete give credence to the idea of a Mother Goddess,

Demoor, M.  “Portrait of the Anthropologist as a Young Woman: Jane Ellen Harrison's reviews for the Athenaeum.” Tijdschr Geschieden 112 (1999): 2: 191-201.

Di Donato, R.  Per una antropologia storica del mondo antico.  Il pensiero storico 81.  Florence, 1990, 255-63.
         Jane Ellen Harrison e i Durkheimiens. Harrison was a proponent of Emil Durkheim’s theories on religion.  Her work was frequently cited and reviewed in the Durkheimian publication, L’annee sociologique.

---.  “Themis, A Study on the Social Origins of Greek Religion.”  Belfagor 52 (3): 366-69.  May 31, 1997.
         Appraisal of the importance and influence of Harrison’s work.  In Italian.

Easterling, Pat.  “The Early Years of the Cambridge Greek Play: 1882-1912.”  In Classics in 19th and 20th Century Cambridge: Curriculum, Culture and Community.  Ed. Christopher Stray.  Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, supplement 24. Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society, 1999.  27-47.
         At Oxford in 1883, Harrison was in the cast of an OUDS [Oxford University Dramatic Society] production of Alcestis in English.  Women could not take part in Cambridge University productions until 1948, when they became members of the University (the only exception being Janet Case, in 1885 (28)).

Edmonds, Radcliffe.  “Tearing Apart the Zagreus Myth: A few disparaging remarks on Orphism and original sin.” Classical Antiquity 18 (1999): 1: 35-73.
        Due to the influence of scholars like Rohde (1894) and Harrison (Prolegomena, 1903), the myth of Zagreus (dismemberment, punishment, anthropogony, original sin) became the accepted central dogma of Orphism. Kern’s 1922 Orphicorum Fragmenta, still the standard reference, accepts this interpretation. Orphism was considered to be a reform movement, although its type depends upon the scholar. According to Harrison, Orpheus was the prophet who reformed the primitive, ecstatic Dionysiac religion, and may have been derived from some real martyr.

Fortuna, Diane.  “The Labyrinth as Controlling Image in Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.” Bulletin of the New York Public Library 76 (1972): 120-80.
         Joyce’s knowledge of the Cretan labyrinth came from the researches of Evans, Frazer, and Harrison.

Foster, Arnold W.  “Dominant Themes in Interpreting the Arts: Materials for a sociological model.”  Archives Europeennes de Sociologie 29 (1979): 301-32.
         Harrison’s theory of the ritualistic origins of art foreshadows the ideas of Claude Levi-Strauss and James Fernandez.

Foley, Jack.  “’Walking Naked’: Tentative remarks about myth and poetry.”  Mythosphere 1: 4 (1999): 429-47. Available online in Ebscohost, by subscription.
         Discusses the remarks of several poets on the relation between myth and poetry in their works.  The poet Charles Olson was influenced by Harrison, as he notes in his 1970 work, The Special View of History.

Fry, Roger.  The Letters of Roger Fry.  Ed. Denys Sutton.  New York: Random House, 1972.  Vol. 1.
         Fry mentions Harrison in several letters. He purchased Primitive Athens for his father.  In August, 1895, he joined D. S. MacColl, MacColl’s sister, and Harrison in France.  “ . . . Miss Harrison who is very fine . . . has a very masculine mind and is quite apostolic.  MacColl on the other hand I find on close acquaintance is touched with Oxford and journalism, two things for which I have an unreasoning hatred” (164).  In 1925, he described Harrison as “always charming and in great form and thoroughly ribald . . ..”  (577).

Falk, Alice.  “It is to the Greeks That We Turn”: Greek and Women Writers.”  Ph. D.  Diss.  Indiana University, 1992. Abstract available in DAI 53-09A: 3221.  Available online in Dissertation Abstracts in First Search, by subscription only.
         Views the study of Greek, long a male prerogative and denied to women, as a means of obtaining “cultural credentials” for women writers in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.  Engagement of Greek could empower women.  Focuses on the responses of Harrison as well as Elizabeth Barrett Browning, George Eliot, and Virginia Woolf.  Discusses Harrison’s involvement with Greek (associated with “Oxbridge,) and her ultimate rejection of both.

Firth, Raymond.  “Ritual and Drama in Malay Spirit Mediumship.  Comparative Studies in Society and History 9 (19667): 2: 190-207.
         Harrison was one of the most noteworthy classicists of importance to anthropology.  Influenced by Durkheim and Rivers, she emphasized the importance of collective elements and social structure to the study of religion, though Firth wishes she would have included economic factors in the transition from ritual to art.  Firth describes an example of a spirit medium performance among the Malay to discuss the relation between art and ritual.  In her work on ritual, Harrison clearly distinguishes between participants and spsectators, and Firth elaborates on the spectator role in Malay ritual. It is in her emphasis on “potencies” (daimones) not personal gods, and on emotion rather than reason, that her work may once again be of interest to anthropologists studying religion.

Fowler, Robert.  “'On not Knowing Greek:’  The Classics and the Woman of Letters.”  Classical Journal 78 (1983): 4: 337-49.
         Women were at a disadvantage in scholarly communities, a situation that was not changed until the twentieth century.  Due to the lack of education for women, those who studied Greek on their own or with tutors were not as well prepared and proficient in Greek as men who had formal studies in the language.  Harrison was one such woman.  Critics frequently mentioned her deficiencies in translation.  She was insecure about this deficiency all her life, though Gilbert Murray wrote several times that she was just as competent as men in her knowledge of Greek (note especially his defense of her to M. R. Rhodes regarding Harrison’s “The Head of John Baptist,” in the Classical Review, 1916-1917.

Furtwangler, Adolf.  “On some points in Furtwängler's theories regarding the Parthenon, and on the translation by E. Sellers.” Classical Review  9 (1895) 85.
         In light of Mary Beard’s work on Harrison and Sellers, it is important to note that Furtwangler’s work was translated by Sellers, who was friend and roommate to Harrison at the time.

Garnett, David.  The Golden Echo.  London: Chatto & Windus.  1953.
         Garnett’s mother, Constance, was a student at Newnham.  Constance Garnett had a “passionate admiration” for Harrison, who Garnett describes as “a young don at Newnham, whose short curls and freedom from the trammels of her sex aroused as much awe as envy” (6).

Gilbert, Sandra M.  “Potent Griselda: ‘The Ladybird’ and the Great Mother.”  In D. H. Lawrence: A Centenary Consideration.  Ed. Peter Balbert and Phillip L. Marcus.  Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1985.  130-61.
         Lawrence was aware of maternal primacy, had read the works of speculative anthropologists such as Bachofen, Frazer, and Harrison who asserted the primacy of matriarchy.  Harrison’s Prolegomena may have been one of Lawrence’s sources.

Gillen, P.  “The Last Man of Letters:  Jack Lindsay.”  Westerly 39 (1994): 3: 83-87.
         Lindsay was influenced by Harrison’s work on myth.  He helped to popularize many of her theories.

Goldstein, Leonard.  “On the Origin of Medieval Drama.” Zeitschrift fur Anglistik und Amerikanistik 29 (1981): 101-15.
         Examines Harrison’s views on the transition from ritual to drama:  “she best indicates the nature of the problem and contributes significantly to its solution” (102).

"Greek Plays at the Universities.” Woman’s World 1 (1888): 121-28.
         Notes that Harrison took part in several productions in both Greek and English at Cambridge University.

Gregg, M.  “The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe.” Studia mystica 7 (1984): 4: 71-76.
         Influenced by the writings of Harrison, Marija Gimbutas has popularized the theory of a primary Great Goddess in the ancient world.

Haller, Evelyn.  “Isis Unveiled: Virginia Woolf’s Use of Egyptian Myth.”  Virginia Woolf: A Feminist Slant.  Ed. Jane Marcus.  Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1983.  109-131.
         Woolf’s reading of Harrison influenced her writings, notably in Between the Acts.

Halliday, W. R.  “Picus-Who-Is-Also-Zeus.” Classical Review 36 (1922): 110-12.
         Examines Harrison’s (and C. Bailey’s) contention that a woodpecker god was worshipped in Crete.  Concludes that their source (Suidas) was not a reliable one.

Hartman, Geoffrey.  “Structuralism: The Anglo-American adventure.”  Yale French Studies no. 36/37 (1966): 148-68.
         The first modern structuralists are Harrison (Themis, 1912), Cornford (The Origins of Attic Comedy, 1914), and Murray.  Myth criticism became a form of literary criticism as a natural development from structuralism.  Murray sought similarities between the stories of Hamlet and Orestes and applied a theory of a collective unconscious.  Collective representations are the structural principles of literature;  Murray “was unable to dissociate poetics from the historical study of ritual and religion” (155).

Heilbrun, Carolyn G.  Hamlet’s Mother and Other Women.  New York: Columbia UP, 1990.

Henderson, John.  “Farnell’s Cults: The Making and Breaking of Pausanias in Victorian Anthropology.  In Pausanias: Travel and memory in Roman Greece.  Ed. Susan E. Alcock, John F. Cherry, and Jas. Elsner.  Oxford: Oxford UP, 2001.  207-23.
        Discusses three nineteenth-century works that attempted to link philological scholarship with anthropology and history based on archaeological finds: Harrison and Verrall's Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens (1890), J. G. Frazer's Description of Greece (1898), and L. R. Farnell's Cults of the Greek States (1896-1909).  Each one relied on Pausanius, but each took a different path in revising classical studies.  Frazer sought a universal mythic map of mankind, Farnell remained entrenched in a Hellenism of the higher morality.  In his trip to explore Greece for his Pausanias, Frazer took with him the travel guide by Harrison and Verrall which had already become a commercial success (something Frazer's book would not be able to achieve.  Harrison was runner-up for the Yates Chair at UCL twice;  "the brew of 'anthropological' rant and radicalism Harrison lent, pur, and lost her name to was making her the perfect candidate for round rejection by hordes of classical men . . .." (215).  Outlines the relationship between Harrison and Farnell:  "for the pair of them, more was at stake than intellectual rift or personal-political style war; their standing and good name, their prospects and life course" (221). 

Henig, S.  “Queen of Lud: Hope Mirrlees.” Virginia Woolf Quarterly 1 (1972): 8-23.
         Mirrlees, the companion to Jane Ellen Harrison who moved with her to Paris in 1922, was a minor writer of fantasy.  Her book, Lud in the Mist, is a classic.

Henrichs, A.  “The Raving God: The Psychology of Dionysus and the Dionysian in myth and literature. Antike und Abenland 40 (1994): 31-58.
         The ecstatic rituals of Dionysus serve to symbolize the uncontrollable unconscience in mankind.  This theory was promoted by Nietzsche and later used by myth and ritual theorists like Harrison.  Poets and novelists, notably the Modernists, made use of this symbolism in their works.

---.  “Loss of Self, Suffering, Violence:  The Modern view of Dionysus from Nietzsche to Girard.” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 88 (1984): 205-40.
          Based on studies of their respective rituals, Dionysus has been contrasted with Apollo, the one described as irrational and violent, the latter as reasonable and serene.

“Hera: Festivals.” 
         Uses Harrison’s findings to describe Greek and Roman festivals.

“Het leven en werk van Jane Ellen Harrison.”  1: “A beautiful Green Beetle,” Frons 11.2 (1990): 20-25;  2: “Only Trade Routes,” Frons 11.3 (1991): 20-25; 3: “Awful Nervous Prostastaion,” Frons 11.4(1991): 21-25. 
Frons is the journal of the Leiden University Department of Classical Studies.  All articles are in Dutch, despite the titles.

Hinden, M.  “Drama and Ritual once Again:  Notes toward a revival of tragic theory.”  Comparative Drama 29 (1995): 2: 183-202.
         The myth and ritual theories of the Cambridge Ritualists were utilized in dramas in the early to mid-twentieth century.  Those theories are now appearing in current drama.

Hinz, E. J.  “Ancient Art And Ritual and The Rainbow.”  Dalhousie Review 58 (1978): 4: 617-37.
         Harrison’s work was influential in D. H. Lawrence’s writing of The Rainbow.

--- and Teunissen, J. J.  “Savior and Cock:  Allusion and icon in Lawrence’s 'Man Who Died.’” Journal of Modern Literature 5 (1976): 2: 279-96.

Hodgen, Margaret T.  “Survivals and Social Origins: The Pioneers.”  American Journal of Sociology 38 (1933): 583-94.
         In discussing the influence of Emile Durkheim, Hodgen notes that Themis is “a brilliant work whose importance lies in its illumination of the process of interaction between religious and other objects, and of the effects of such interaction upon both” (738).  The major defect of the work is overgeneralization.

Hoffman, A.  G.  “Demeter and Poseidon: Fusion and distance in To The Lighthouse.”  Studies in the Novel 16 (1984): 2: 182-96.
         Virginia Woolf used ideas from Harrison’s work in writing her novel.

Hoffmann, G.  “Pandora, The Jar and Hope.” Etudes Rurales (1985): 97-98: 119-32.
         Relates Harrison’s retelling of the Pandora myth.  Harrison may have been the first to discern the change over time in the myth and its revelation of a growing misogynism.

Humphreys, S. C.  “The Work of Louis Gernet.” History and Theory 10 (1971): 2: 172-96.
         A classical scholar and sociologist, Gernet was a Durkheimian who provides a link between Harrison and the early Cornford and modern classicists once again turning to anthropology.  The enthusiasm of Harrison and Cornford for Durkheimian sociology was met with caution by later classicists.  Though influenced by Harrison in his early work, Murray “shared Wilamowitz’ antipathy to the primitive” (176).  Gernet, unlike Harrison and George Thomson, did not accept the idea of a totemistic survivals in Greece.  The “Appendix: Some Notes on the Durkheim School” discusses the use of evolutionary theory by Harrison and Cornford.  Themis and Cornford’s From Religion to Philosophy make use of an evolutionary theory of religion, perhaps helped by Radcliffe-Brown’s lectures in Cambridge, 1909, which Harrison attended.  The Annee sociologique school frowned on Cornford’s use of Durkheimian theories on primitive classification and religious origins of philosophy to the early Greek philosophers.  See Maxime David 12 (1909-12): 41-44.  Themis also got a dubious reception (David, 254-60).  Cornford’s unfinished last work, Principium Sapientiae, critiques the mythical tradition in poetry as intermediate stage between religion and philosophy.

Hutton R  “The Neolithic Great Goddess: A Study in modern tradition.”  Antiquity 71 (1997): 271: 91-99.
         Much speculation and study has been devoted to a so-called “Great Goddess” who reigned worldwide in Neolithic cultures.  The archaeological evidence so far does not substantiate this claim.

Jones, Henry Festing.  Samuel Butler, Author of Erewhon (1825-1902): A Memoir.  2 vols.  London: Macmillan, 1919.  v. 2, 1885-1916.
         Recounts that Butler thought Harrison was scandalized by his 1892 lecture on “The Humour of Homer,” given at the Working Men’s College.  She disliked the lecture but, as Butler later learned, she did not write the critical Spectator review of the lecture.

Kaplan, S. J.  “The Ballad and the Source: A Confrontation with the Great Mother.”  Twentieth Century Literature 27 (1981): 2: 127-45.
         Rosamond Lehmann was among the modernist writers who were influenced by the theories of Harrison.  Her work utilizes the symbol of the Great Goddess.

Katz, M. A.  “The Character of Tragedy: Women and the Greek imagination.”  Arethusa 27 (1994): 1: 81-103.

Keller M L.  “The Eleusinian Mysteries of Demeter and Persephone: Fertility, sexuality, and rebirth.  Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 4 (1988): 1: 27-54.
         Notes the cycle of nature as a major structural component in ancient Greek myths, as delineated by Harrison.  The rituals as well must have incorporated symbols of this cycle, making use of stalks of wheat and other items referring to the seasons of life.  Demeter’s search for her daughter was probably re-enacted before the initiates.  Likewise, the initiates may have undergone a similar journey, plunged into darkness, taken through a tunnel, and then exposed to bright light.

Krappe, A. H.  “Picus Who is Also Zeus.”  Mnemosyne 9 (1940-1941): 241-57.
         Sides with Harrison regarding the relationship of the woodpecker and Zeus.  Uses a detailed analysis to conclude that “Picumnus and Pilumnus are faded thundergods in woodpecker form.”  Comparative mythologists (e.g. Harrison) “were not always as far from the truth as some of its modern opponents have claimed.  Modern folklore, in more cases than one, has confirmed its speculations, while at the same time putting them on a more solid base.

Lahti, K.  “‘Vladimir Mayakovsky’: A Dithyramb.” Slavic and East European Journal 40 (1996): 2: 251-77.
         The dithyramb connotes a wild, uncontrollable song, and may have originated in Dionysian rites, as theorized by Harrison.

Lardinois, A.  “Greek Myths for Athenian Rituals: Religion and politics in Aeschylus’ Eumenides and Sophocles Oedipus Coloneus.”  Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 33 (1992): 4: 313-27.

Lee, Ronald J.  “Ritual and Theatre: An Overview.” Academy: Lutherans in Profession 38 (1982): 132-49.
Discusses the theory that drama developed from ancient religious rites.  A “tragic plot,” a chronological sequence from birth to death to rebirth (portrayed symbolically) is common to both.

Lee, Vernon [Violet Paget.}  Letters.  Ed. I. Cooper Willis.  1937.
         Paget was a friend to Eugene Sellers, friend and roomate to Harrison until some disagreement broke this friendship.

Lefkowitz, M. R.  “Jane Made Unplain.”  American Scholar    (1989): 464-68.
        Review of Jane Ellen Harrison: The Mask and the Self, by Sandra J. Peacock.

Levine, Philippa.  “Love, Friendship, and Feminism in later 19th-Century England.”  Women Studies: An International Forum 13 (1990): 1-2: 63-78.

---.  “So Few Prizes and so Many Blanks: Marriage and feminism in later 19th-century England.”  Journal of British Studies 28 (1989): 2: 150-74.
        Quotes Harrison’s Reminiscences of a Student’s Life (1925), on the incompatibility of marriage with her life-style.  Like Emily Davies, Dorothea Beale, and Constance Maynard, Harrison was immersed in her life’s work.

Lincoln Bruce.  “The Rape of Persephone: A Greek scenario of women’s initiation.”  Harvard Theological Review 72 (1979): 3-4: 223-35.

Lloyd-Jones, Hugh.  “Jane Harrison, 1850-1928.”  In Cambridge Women: Twelve Portraits.  Ed. E. Shils and C. Blacker.  Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.
         Details Harrison’s life and works.

Lowenstam, S.  “The Uses of Vases: Depictions in Homeric studies.”  Transactions of the American Philological Association 122 (1992): 165-98.
         Scenes from the tales of Homer were commonly depicted on Greek vases.  As Harrison has shown, these visual images frequently tell us more about the stories and their relationship to Greek society and culture.

Lowry, Elizabeth.  “Superwoman in Cambridge.” The Times Literary Supplement 30 June 2000: 12.
         Harrison was the most famous female classicist in Britain and also the most controversial.

McGinty, Park.  Interpretations and Dionysos.

Reviews:
Ackerman, Robert.  Gnomon 52 (1980): 673-75.

Mclean, B.  “On the Revision of Scapegoat Terminology.”  Numen 37 (1990): 2: 168-73.

Harrison used the idea of a pharmakos, or scapegoat, to explain some of the Greek rituals.  However, the term may not relate to a victimization of an individual but rather the elevation in status of that individual.

McManus, Barbara F.  “Macurdy Scholarship.”  http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/books.html

Grace Macurdy’s early work was influenced by the Cambridge Ritualists and her research was particularly interested in women in the ancient world.  She dedicated her Troy and Paeonia to Harrison, “one of the greatest of living scholars, the splendor of whose intellect is equaled by the candor and generosity of her spirit.  Quotes Harrison’s response (30 December 1925):  “[I] was filled with fresh wonder at the vigour and originality of yr mind . . .. you have given me one of the greatest pleasures in my life . . ..”

Marcus Jane.  “Years as Greek Drama, Domestic Novel, and Gotterdammerung.” Bulletin of the New York Public Library 80 (1977): 2: 276-301.

Virginia Woolf’s work, The Years, is structured much like a Greek play, dispaying a sequence from birth to death to rebirth.

Maurizio, L.  “Performance, Hysteria, and the Democratic Identities in the Anthesteria.”  Helios 28 (2001): 1: 29-41.

Cites Harrison’s studies and her insights into the annual Greek festival.

Mazza, Mario.  “Ritorno alle scienze umane.  Problemi e tendenze della recente storiografia sul mondo antico.”  Studi Storici 19 (1978): 469-507.

Harrison was one of the first scholars to apply the insights of the social sciences to ancient history.  This approach gained force after World War II.  In Italian.

Nasstrom, B. M.  “The Study of Greek Religion during the Past Few Decades.”  Temenos 29 (1993): 115-32.

Nielsen, Donald A.  “Pericles and the Plague: Civil religion, anomie, and injustice in Thucydides.” Sociology of Religion 57 (1996): 4: 397-407. 

Examines these sociological concepts in Athenian society as depicted in Thucydides' narrative of the Peloponnesian War.  Pericles’ funeral oration, as an embodiment of Athenian civil religion, is juxtaposed with the description of Athenian demoralization and anomie during the subsequent plague. These concepts are linked to the problem of injustice in The Melian Dialogue, describing Athenian behavior toward the island’s population.  Thucydides associates these ideas with the idea of Fortune and the resulting defeat of the Athenians.  As Cornford maintained in his classic work, Thucydides is a pioneer in the systematic use of these sociological concepts.  Agrees with Harrison and Cornford that Durkheim is one of the more “classical” of modern sociologists.

[Note.] The Times 19 May 1887.

Notes Harrison’s lectures:  “a lady . . . giving in Oxford a successful course of lectures on Greek sculpture.”  M. Beard says this was probably a series of University Extension lectures (Invention, 186).

Olson, Charles. The Special View of History.  Ed. Ann Charters.  Berkeley: Oyez, 1970.

Quotes passages from Themis in his discussion of myth. Olson was a poet particularly influenced by Harrison, as he notes in this work.

Oppenheim, Janet.  “A Mother's Role, a Daughter's Duty: Lady Blanche Balfour, Eleanor Sidgwick, and Feminist Perspectives.”  Journal of British Studies 34 (1995): 2: 196-232.

Harrison was the first recipient of a Newnham College research fellowship, established by principal Eleanor Sidgwick (also a major contributor) to encourage a woman to make an original contribution to the academic disciplines.  In 1900, there were not yet enough funds to endow a fellowship of 100 pounds per year, but Sidgwick announced that the first such fellowship would begin immediately, and the stipend would come out of capital.

Pace, Jean. Letters to Jessie.  1992.

Jessie Crum (Stewart’s) granddaughter published letters congratulating Crum on earning a First on the archaeological section of the Classical Tripos.  Harrison was Crum’s mentor at the time;  the two travelled to Greece together in 1901, and Harrison gave her a suggested reading list to prepare for the Tripos.  Pace remembers Harrison as a familiar figure with her ‘picturesque dress.’

Park, Robert E.  “Sociology and the Social Sciences.”  American Journal of Sociology 26(1921): 4: 401-24.

An historical review of the discipline of sociology, which originated with the effort to make history scientific.  In Themis, Harrison bases her concept of the origin of Greek religion on a sociological theory: “religion reflects collective feeling and collective thinking.”

Parsons, Elsie Clews.  “Ceremonial Impatience.”  The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 15 (1918): 6: 157-64.

Cites Harrison’s translation of the Greek word for rite of growing up, becoming complete (telete) in Ancient Art and Ritual that and notes that it incorporates the attitude of the crisis or epochal ceremonial that Parsons calls ceremonial impatience.

Passman, T.  “Out of the Closet and into the Field: Matriculture, the lesbian perspective and feminist classics.”  In Feminist Theory and the Classics.  Ed. N. S. Rabinowitz and A. Richlin.  New York: 1993.   181-208.

Passman maintains that Harrison wrote and lived as a lesbian (181), noting her anthropological work on women and her relationship with Hope Mirrlees.  Cites especially Harrison’s theories of a primitive matriarchy and its subsequent abolishment by a patriarchal social structure.

Partridge, Frances.  Love in Bloomsbury: Memories.  Boston: Little, Brown, 1981.  24, 60-61.

Recounts that her parents tried to marry Harrison to D. S. MacColl.  Gives a description of Harrison at Peile Hall circa 1918:  curious, intelligent;  she “treated the young absolutely as equals.  I had never before met a much older person who had this gift and I found it irresistible” (60).

Peacock, Sandra.  Jane Ellen Harrison: The Mask and the Self.

Peacock received much criticism for her Freudian interpretation of Harrison’s life (a “psychobiography”), including the idea that Harrison was in love with Francis Cornford (20 years her junior) and suffered a breakdown when he married Frances Darwin.

Reviews:
Burnside, Carol E.  Religion 24 (1994): 1: 67-72.
Calder, William M., III.  Gnomon 63 (1991): 10-13.
Ellsworth, Edward W.  American Historical Review 95 (1990): 826-27.
Fowler, Robert L.  Echos du Monde Classique/Classical Views 35 ns 10 (1991): 129-34.
Heilbrun, Carolyn G.  Women’s Review of Books 6 (1989): 8.
Howarth, Janet.  Gender & Education 2 (1990): 2: 246-47.
Huys, M.  Etudes Classiques 57 (1989): 360-61.
Kimball, Roger.  The New Criterion   (1989): 72??
Lefkowitz, M. R.  American Scholar 58 (1989): 464-68.
Levine, Phillippa. .Journal of Modern History 63 (1991): 1: 137-38.
Michels, Agnes K.  Classical Journal 86 (1991): 362-64.
S.J.P.  History & Theory 29 (1990): 1: 127-28.
Segal, Robert A.  Journal of American Folklore 103 (1990): 370-72.
Stray, Chris.  Liverpool Classical Monthly 16 no. 7 (July 1991): 103-111.
Stuttaford, Genevieve.  Publishers Weekly 22 July 1988: 48-49.

Pedersen, J. S.  “Some Victorian Headmistresses: A Conservative tradition of social-reform.”  Victorian Studies 24 (1981): 4: 463-88.

Petrie, Flinders.  Seventy Years in Archaeology.  1934.  New York: Greenwood P, 1973.  174.

The search committee for the Yates Chair of Archaeology was “on the point of naming Jane Harrison” but Petrie’s remarks in favor of Ernest Gardner “carried the day.”

Phillips, K. J.  Jane Harrison and Modernism.”  Journal of Modern Literature 17 (1991): 4: 465-76.

Harrison was an important influence on Modernist writers.  Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion and Themis influenced and were influenced by the popular theories of the early 20th century. She believed in the primacy of emotion over reason and defined an individual as a fluid self rather than as an isolated whole. She foresaw the possibility of modern artists using myth in their spiritual quest and not merely for structural unification.  (Infotrac)

Prins, Y.  “Greek Maenads, Victorian Spinsters.  In Victorian Sexual Dissidence.  Ed. R. Dellamora.  Chicago, 1999.  43-81.

Revell, Donald.  “Invisible Green II.”  The American Poetry Review 30 (2001):2: XX.  Excerpt available online:  http://www.aprweb.org/issues/mar01/revell.html

Characterizes poetry as alive, active, not an object of contemplative reading, citing Harrison’s Ancient Art and Ritual.

Rich, Adrienne.  “’When We Dead Awaken’: Writing as re-vision.”  College English 34, no. 1 (1972): xxx.  Rpt. in American Poets.  Ed. William Heyen.  New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1976.  Pp.  XXX.  Rpt. in Arts of the Possible: Essays and conversations.  New York: Norton, 2001.  Pp. 

Originally written for a forum on “The Woman Writer in the Twentieth Century,” presented in Chicago, December 1971, by the Modern Language Association’s Commission on the Status of Women in the Profession.  Responds to Harrison’s question posed to Murray in a 1914 letter regarding “why Woman is a dream and a terror to man and not the other way around?”  Male judgement and the thwarting of women artists’ needs have created problems of language, style, energy, survival, and contact with herself.  Rich uses the example of her own life.

Robinson, Annabel.  The Life and Work of Jane Ellen Harrison.  Oxford UP, 2002.Forthcoming.

Researched over a period of two decades, Robinson’s work aspires to be the definitive critical and biographical work on Harrison.

Rosenbaum, S. P.  Victorian Bloomsbury: The Early literary history of the Bloomsbury Group.  London: Macmillan, 1987.  Vol. 1.

The Bloomsbury set perhaps knew Harrison's work better than that of any other Cambridge classicist or historian.  "Ancient Art and Ritual was quite likely the book that made the new anthropology familiar to Bloomsbury" (121).

Ross C. L. “The Use of Greek Tragedy: Euripides and ritual.”D. H. Lawrence Review 10 (1): 1-19 1977.

Rubin, Joan Shelley.  “Constance Rourke in Context: The Uses of Myth.” American Quarterly 28 (1976): 5: 575-88.

Rourke’s encounter with the Cambridge Ritualists, especially Harrison’s work, was instrumental in shaping her view that myth is a precursor of art.  Harrison’s ideas are found in Rourke’s work, American Humor, which owes a large debt to Ancient Art and Ritual.

Ruthven, K.K.  Myth.  London: Methuen, 1976.

Brief assessment of the ritual theory.  Assessments by Kluckhohn and Fontenrose “indicate various forms of dissent from Harrison” (37).

Slater, Philip E.  The Glory of Hera: Greek Mythology and the Greek Family.  Boston: Beacon P, 1968.

Harrison valued Greek civilization for what it was rather than, as so many of her colleagues, for what she wanted it to be.  Draws on Harrison’s work with chthonic, feminine powers and her work on the liknon and Dionysus for his own controversial psychological study of Greek civilization, examining why the Olympians persisted.  As Slater sees it, “only some set of compelling psychological needs could maintain the existence for so bloodless a collection of images” (125).

Smith, Bonnie G.  “The Contribution of Women to Modern Historiography in Great Britain, France, and the United States, 1750-1940.”  The American Historical Review 89 (1984): 3: 709-32.

Notes that Murray encouraged and protected Harrison in her historical research and feminist theories.

Smith, Gerald Stanton.  “Jane Ellen Harrison: Forty-seven letters to D. S. Mirsky, 1924-1926.”  Oxford Slavonic Papers n. s. 28 (1995): 62-97.

The annotated letters from Newnham College reveal social and professional interactions between Harrison and the Russian critic/historian Prince Mirsky, her role in his journal Verstv, Russian and French friends, and her interest in all things Russian.  Also mentioned are aspects of Mirsky’s émigré life in Paris.

Spretnak, C.  “Beyond the Backlash: An appreciation of the work of Marija Gimbutas.” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 12 (1996): 2: 91-98.

Gimbutas is the best known modern anthropologist to espouse the Goddess theory and was influenced by Harrison.

Staden, H. V.  “Women and Dirt.”  Helios 19 (1992): 1-2: 7-30.

Stein, Gertrude.  The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas.  London, 1933.

When Harrison and Stein met, they “did not particularly interest each other” (158-59).

Stewart, J. F.  “Primitivism in Women in Love.”  D. H. Lawrence Review 13 (1980): 1: 45-62.

Discusses the use of myth in Lawrence’s work and Harrison’s influence.

Strachey, Julia and Frances Patridge.  Julia: A Portrait of Herself.  Boston: Little, Brown, 1983.  75-76.

Recalls a weekend visit from Harrison, in which she expressed her interest in bears.

Stray, Christopher.  “Digs and Degrees: Jessie Crum’s Tour of Greece Easter, 1901.”  Classics Ireland 2 (1995): 126-27. 

Harrison and her student, Jessie Crum, toured archaeological sites.

“The Suffrage Movement in the Women’s Colleges in England.”  Progress 7:11 (1908): 1.  Available in International Women’s Periodicals online.

Notes that Harrison was a member of the suffragist organization at Cambridge University.  Also lists methods of propaganda.

Swanwick, Michael.  “The Lady Who Wrote Lud-in-the-Mist.”  Infinity Plus: Non-fiction.  http://www.infinityplus.co.uk/introduces/mirrlees.htm

Quotes descriptions of Hope Mirrlees, Harrison’s friend and companion, as “a cross between a pixy and a genius,” and a seductive bluestocking, though Virginia Woolf found her “very self-conscious, wilful, prickly & perverse . . ..”  Lud-in-the-Mist  (1926; rpt. 1970, 2000), the work for which she will be remembered, is a fantasy novel of ideals, one of the least known of modern fantasies yet the most influential, an underground classic (Joanna Russ wrote the pastiche, “The Zanzibar Cat.”)  Its division of the world into Apollonian and Dionysian arenas shows Harrison’s influence.  After Harrison’s death, Mirrlees, a wealthy heiress, retreated from the public arena.

Thomsen, M. L.  “The Evil Eye in Mesopotamia.”  Journal of Near Eastern Studies 51 (1992): 1: 19-32.

Traill, H. D.  “South Kensington Hellenism: A Dialogue.” Fortnightly Review 34 (1883): 111-19.  Rpt. In The New Lucian: Being a series of Dialogues of the Dead, by H. D. Traill. London, 1884.  59-84.

Ward, Barbara E.  “Not Merely Players: Drama, Art and Ritual in Traditional China.”  Man n.s. 14 (1979): 1: 18-39.  Originally The Jane Ellen Harrison Memorial Lecture, 11 February,1978.
         Harrison’s views on ritual and art were the prevailing approach in her day, but social anthropologists no longer are concerned with origins; to them, ritual is not a primitive, mystical precursor of art.   Contrasts Harrison’s approach with that of Edmund Leach.  Notes that the Memorial Lecture in 1935 was given by Marcel Granet:  “Le bataille de cadeaux dans les usages chonois.”

Weinbaum B.  “Lament Ritual Transformed into Literature: Positing women's prayer as cornerstone in western classical literature.” Journal of American Folklore 114 (2001): 451: 20-39.  Available online via subscription in Projest Muse
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_american_folklore/v114/114.451weinbaum.pdf
and Wilson Select Full Text Plus http://firstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/FTFETCH?sessionid=sp01sw05-63613-d1al4yqb-nh6r4w:entitypagenum=3:0:rule=990:fetchtype=fulltext:dbname=WilsonSelectPlus_FT:recno=3:resultset=1:ftformat=ASCII:format=T:isbillable=TRUE:numrecs=1:isdirectarticle=FAL%20
            In building a case for the Iliad and the Odyssey, with their protofeminist anti-war themes, may have been originally based on women's oral literature, Weinbaum applies Harrison's theory that art originated in ritual performance.  The structure of women’s lamentation is reproduced in the Homeric texts.  "The ritual center on death prayer traditions points to the local death stories, traditionally enacted by women in prayer, at the core of Western classics" (36).

Welsh,  “Rattlesnake hunting, territoriality, and a prodigal daughter: Journeys into discursive formations.”  Ph. D.  State University of New York at Binghamton, 2000.  DAI 61: 5A: 1884.
         “Drawing insights from Afro-centric historical projects and feminist reinvestigations into the past as they relate to the discourse surrounding Plato's Symposium, in general, and the status of the character of Diotima, in particular, I examine the discursive rationales constructed for considering Diotima a fictional character. “The Politics of Origins and The History of Philosophy: Afro-centric and Female-centric (Re?)Orientations,” explores two leading figures, George G. M. James and Jane Ellen Harrison, in relation to the intellectual contexts within which and against which they negotiated their work and developed their non-traditional origin theses.”

Weltman, Sharon Aronofsky.  Ruskin’s Mystic Queen: Gender subversion in Victorian culture.  Ohio UP, 1998.
         Weltman maintains that Victorian writers referring to female mythological figures undermined the rigid gender dichotomies of the 19th century.  Uses the works of Harrison, Max Muller, and Andrew Lang to support her thesis.

Wilson, H. F.  “Euripides, Ion, Acted at Cambridge.  Academy 38 (1890): 535.

Review of a performance in which Harrison participated.

Wedgwood, J.  [Euripides, Ion.] Contemporary Review 59 (1891): 89.
         Review of a performance at Cambridge in which Harrison participated.

Wilson, H. F.  [Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris]. Academy 46 (1894): 477.
         Review of a performance at Cambridge in which Harrison participated.

Woolf, Virginia.  Congenial Spirits: The Selected Letters of Virginia Woolf.  Ed. Joanne Trautmann Banks.  London: Hogarth, 1989.
         Brief references to Harrison.  Woolf describes her in Paris:  “This gallant old lady, very white, hoary, and sublime in a lace mantilla, took my fancy greatly:  partly for her superb high thinking agnostic ways, partly for her appearance” (174).

---.  Letters of Virginia Woolf.  Ed. Nigel Nicolson and J. Trautmann.  London, 1975-1980.)
         17 aug 1919  to Margaret Llewelyn Davies. 1075 (2: 384-85.)
         1 Sept. 1925.  To Lady Cecil. 1574 (3:200-01.)
        24 Sept. 1919.  To Clive Bell.  1083 (2:391.)
        10 Feb. 1941.  To Mary Hutchinson.  3691 (6: 471-72.)
         5 Feb. 1925.  1534 (3: 164.) To Jacques Raverat.
         22 April 1923.  To Molly MacCarthy.  1381 (3:30.)

Wykehamist 217 (March 1887): 131.

Notes that Harrison lectured on Hellenic Vases, using lantern slides, at Wykeham, the boys’ public school.

Zeitlin, F. I.  “Cultic Models of the Female: Rites of Dionysus and Demeter.”  Arethusa 15 (1982): 1-2: 129-57.

Zhmud, L. “Orphism and Grafitti from Olbia.”  Hermes: Zeitschrift fur Klassische Philologie 120 (1992): 2: 159-68.

Encyclopedia Entries

Adkins, A. W. H.  “Harrison, Jane E.  Encyclopedia of Religion.  Ed. Mircea Eliade.  New York: Macmillan, 1987.  201-02.

Elliman, Michael and Frederick Roll. The Pink Plaque Guide to London.  GMP, 1986.
         Detailed material on one hundred people who lived at one time in London.

“Jane Ellen Harrison.”   The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.  Available online.

“Jane Ellen Harrison.”  The Knitting Circle: History.  Available online at  http://www.sbu.ac.uk/stafflag/janeharrison.html
         The Web site of the Lesbian and Gay Staff Association of South Bank University.

Taylor, Beverly.  “Harrison, Jane Ellen (1850-1928).”  Victorian Britain: An Encyclopedia.  New York: Garland, 1988.

Todd, Janet.  British Women Writers: A Critical Reference Guide.  New York: Continuum, 1989.

Uglow, Jennifer S., ed.  The International Dictionary of Women’s Biography.  New York: Continuum, 19XX.  215.

Wesseling, Klaus-Gunther.  Harrison, Jane Ellen.  Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon 18 (2001): 576-601.  Rpt. online:  http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/h/harrison_j_e.shtml

GILBERT MURRAY

Andromache: Literary Play by Gilbert Murray.The Times 05 May 1900: 292.

Reviews:

Verrall, A. W. Universal Review 5 (1889): 25.

A History of Ancient Greek Literature.

Reviews:

Paul, Herbert. Review of Reviews 16 (1897): 608.

Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art 73 (1892):340

Editorial.Nation and the Athenaeum 12 Jan. 1924:534.

The Case of Professor Toynbee. Published anonymously, the editorial defends Arnold Toynbee's acceptance of the Koraes Chair, University of London.Toynbee is not anti-Greek, and is a "scholar of unusual brilliance. "The University should not have accepted the Greek donors' offer on such terms.(Toynbee was Murray’s son-in-law at the time.)

"English Ways, Old and New."Manchester Guardian (American edition) 28 July 1945: 4, 6.

Review of The English Way, by Pierre Maillaud.

"L'Evolution de l'esprit public en Angleterre."Trans. Catherine Guilland.Revue Politique Internationale 32 (1918): 37-47.

The war mentality is detrimental to civilization. The League of Nations offers the way to world harmony.

"Freedom's Instrument."Daily News 30 June 1919: 10.

What the League of Nations Can Do.The League isthe instrumentofthe people;they must decide what roleitwill take.Considers the terms of the Peace Treaty.

Letter.Daily Telegraph 3 Dec. 1917: 7.

Allied War Aims: Lord Lansdowne's Letter.A response to hostile critics of Lansdowne's letter, published 29 Nov. 1917:5-6.The policy he advocates does not imply a weakening of the will to fight.England will fight on until it earns some degree of reparation and security.

Letter.Daily Telegraph 3 Dec. 1917: 7.

Allied War Aims: Lord Lansdowne’s Letter.A response to hostile critics of Lansdowne’s letter, published 29 Nov. 1917, p. 5-6.The policy he advocates does not imply a weakening of the will to fight.England will fight on until it earns some degree of reparation and security.

Letter.To the President of the United States, September, 1915.Birth Control Review 5, issue 5, May 1921: 15.Rpt in Birth Control Review 15:12, 1931: 28.Available online in International Women’s Periodicals by subscription.

Asks President Woodrow Wilson to intercede in the possible criminal persecution of Margaret Sanger for advocating birth control.The United States is the only civilized country that prohibits such free speech for the betterment of the human race. Other signers are:Percy Ames, William Archer, Lena Ashwell, Arnold Bennett, Edward Carpenter, Aylmer Maude, Marie C. Stopes, and H. G. Wells.

Letters.In Letters to W. B. Yeats.Ed. Richard J. Finneran, George Mills Harper, and William M. Murphy.2 vols.New York: Columbia UP, 1977.1: 115-17, 130-31, 145-46.

Letter.Manchester Guardian, 23 April 1926.Rpt. in Birth Control Review 10: 6 (1926): 26.Available online in International Women’s Periodicals by subscription..

Urges support for a bill not to withhold birth control information given to married women.Signed by: Balfour of Burleigh, Arnold Bennett, Bledisloe, Violet Bonham-Carter, H. N. Brailsford, Eva Erleigh, Lettice Fisher, T. D. Fenby, H. Herbert Gray, Pamela Grey of Fallodon, H. D. Henderson, Juliet Grove-Hills, Laura Hamworth, W. R. Inge, Harcourt Johnstone, W. Arbuthnot Lane, J. M. Keyner, L. L’Estrange Malone, J. J. Mallon, Horace Plunkett, Rathcreedan, Bertrand Russell, Dora Russell, Margaret Spring-Rice, and H. Ursula Williams.

Note. Leonardo the Florentine: A Study in Personality. By Rachel Annand Taylor. New York: Blue Ribbon, [1927].ix-x.

Commends Mrs. Taylor's previous works and notes what he might have to say about this work, which he has not yet read, if he were unprincipled enough to review it:that it is full of "a power of poetic interpretation," "dangerous in its power of illusion," "but full of value and new light to sober persons who care about style and art and human personality . . .."

"Oratio Bodleiana. "Bodleian Quarterly Record 8 (1916): 234-36.

An address by Murray (in Latin) on the works in Greek, Latin, and Hebrew in the Bodleian Library.

Preface. The Iron Age. By Frank Betts. Adventurers All: A Series of young poets unknown to fame.Oxford: Blackwell, 1916. 

Betts' poetry is "full of life and power and sympathy, and curious erudition penetrated by imaginative brooding."

"Pre-War Diplomacy." Foreign Affairs 1 (1919): 11-12.

A detailed account of the facts regarding Britain's agreement to provide military support to France should the latter be attacked by Germany. Murray maintains that there is no suspicion of double dealing, and criticizes the U. D. C. for so misleading the public.

"Die Probleme von morgen." Nord und sud 50 (1927): 344-57.

On the great risk war has for civilization.

Euripides, Trojan Women.

Reviews:

Independent Review 4 (1904-05): 432.

Living Age 245 (1905): 7S27: 37.

Five Stages of Greek Religion.

Sanford Friedman wrote, "Despite Eliot's debunking of Murray, the translator, Murray, the writer, endures as one of the great spirits and teachers of our time."Katz p. 190.

Four Stages of Greek Religion.

Reviews:

Gwynn, R. M.Hermathena 17 (1913): 449-50.

Jordan, Louis.Comparative Religion.278-81.

Marvin, F. S.Positivist Review 1 Mar. 1913: 55-59.Reconsidered, 1 Apr. 1913:87-90.

Rise of the Greek Epic.

C., H.Hermathena 15 (1909): 255-57.

B., J. I.Hermathena 16 (1911): 405.

Lawton, W. C. Sewanee Review 9 (1901): 156.

TRANSLATIONS

Aeschylus. Translated with notes by Gilbert Murray. The

Agamemnon of Aeschylus. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1920. 8vo. xvi, 91pp, with ads.

Publisher's cloth. First edition. With a playbill from a 1925 Bradfield College performance of Agamemnon.

Euripides, Electra.

Review:

Independent Review 1 (1903-04): 590.

Euripides.Electra (ed. Gilbert Murray).Euripidis Fabulae, ed. Gilbert Murray, vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913. Available online in Perseus: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0095

Greek text.

Euripides.Hippolytus. Harvard Classics 8, part 7.Available online in Bartleby from Columbia University:

http://www.bartleby.com/8/7/

Euripides in London.

Review: Bentwich, N. Nineteenth Century and After: A Monthly Review 59 (1906): 968.

Euripides.The Trojan Women.

Reviews:

Independent Review 4 (1904-05): 432

Living Age 245 (7S27) (1905): 37

1915 production:

New York Mirror 2 June 1915.

1966 production:

Christiansen, Richard. Chicago Daily News 27 Jan. 1966.

Donnelly, Tom. Washington Daily News 2 Dec. 1965.

Gaghan, Jerry. Philadelphia Daily News 30 Dec. 1965.

Goddard, Bob.St. Louis Globe-Democrat 11 Nov. 1965.

MacArthur, Harry. Washington Evening Star 2 Dec. 1965.

Murdock, Henry T. Philadelphia Inquirer 30 Dec. 1965.

Murf.Variety 18 Mar. 1966.

Powers, James.Hollywood Reporter 18 Mar. 1966.

Euripides, Alcestis, performed at Bradfield.

Reviews:

Beerbohm, M.Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art 97 (1904): 812.

Sandys, J. E.Academy 47 (1895): 510.

The Personal Song - Sappho, Alcaeus, Anacreon.Extracts from Gilbert Murray's Ancient Greek Literature.From Gilbert Murray's A History of Greek Literature (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1897), pp. 90-95. Part of Chapter 4, "The Song." [Scanned for Peithô's Web by Agathon (RSB)] and available online: http://classicpersuasion.org/pw/sappho/sappmurray.htm

WORKS ABOUT

Alpert, S. P.“’In More Ways Than One:’ Major Barbara’s debt to Gilbert Murray.”Educational Theatre Journal 20 (1968): 123-40.

Murray provided Shaw with both dialogue and guidance as the playwright struggled with the Third Act.

Archer, C. William Archer: Life, work and friendship. New Haven: Yale UP, 1931.

Reprints letters exchanged between Murray and Archer during their thirty-year friendship.

Bennett L. J, and W, B. Tyrrell. “Making Sense of Aristophanes Knights.”Arethusa 23 (1990: 2: 235-54.

Black, Maggie.“The End of Total War.”new internationalist 228 (1992).

Bramsted, Ernest.“Apostles of Collective Security.”Australian Journal of Politics and History 13 (1967): 3:347-64.

Surveys the League of Nations Union achievements, one of which was the appointment of Murray as delegate.Its leaders were an elite group of politicians, professors, and clergymen who sought to educate and influence public opinion and gain support for the League.

Brittain, Vera.The Women at Oxford: A Fragment of history.New York: Macmillan, 1960.

Offers glimpses of Murray's activities at Oxford, in women's rights, wartime, and Somerville College.Murray was "one of the best friends of the women at Oxford . . ." (p. 213).

Browne, Maurice.Too Late to Lament: An Autobiography.Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1956.

Browne's Chicago Little Theater group produced The Trojan Women in furthering its aim of recreating poetic drama.The production toured America.Includes anecdotes about the Murrays.The Women's Peace Party sponsored its mid-western tour.The tour opened with a matinee at the Blackstone at which Jane Addams spoke a preamble in praise of peace, but, opposed to child-labor, she privately objected to the use of a child actor.

Canton, Edguardo.“A Greater Awareness of Truth.”UNESCO Courier 47 (1994): 1: 44-45.Prev. pub. In Correspondence (France) of the International Institute of Intellectual Co-operation.

Reprint of a 1934 letter to Murray from Rabindranath Tagore.Tagore discusses problems in India, admits he has no solution to world conflict, but proclaims continued confidence in humanity.“I cannot afford to lose my faith in [the] inner spirit of man, nor in the sureness of human progress . . ..” (44). 

Clogg, Richard.Politics and the Academy: Arnold Toynbee and the Koraes Chair.London: Cass, 1986.Orig. pub. in Middle Eastern Studies 21 (1986).

Discusses Murray's role in Toynbee's appointment to the Koraes Chair, University of London, his testimonial and his advice on Toynbee's resignation.

Coates, John David."Hostility to Myth: Chesterton and his contemporaries."Mosaic 15 (1982): 91-105.

Chesterton's views on mythology illuminate the cultural context of his time. Examines the views of Muller, Frazer, and Murray.

Collard, Christopher.“Gilbert Murray on Rudyard Kipling: An Unpublished letter.”Notes and Queries 40 (1993): 1: 63-64.Available online in Expanded Academic Index with subscription.

Murray met Kipling briefly as a boy in 1880, then again in 1902.Murray found Kipling to be neither poet nor artist but “a narrow-minded moralist,” and his virtues Spartan: manliness, hardihood, and discipline.However, if you maintain these essential traits, Kipling allows license in other matters.Includes text of the 1902 letter to T. C. Show.Available online in InfoTrac.

Deats, Richard.The Rebel Passion: Eighty-five years of the Fellowship of Reconciliation.

[Debate]Maxse, Mr. Leo—Debate with Prof. Gilbert Murray: Arrangements.The Times 24 March 1922: 9.

Dickinson, Charles."The 'Failure of Nerve' in Hellenistic Society."Journal of the West Virginia Philosophical Society 12 (1977): 13-15.

Dickinson characterizes Murray's theories of this failure, the reason for it, and the results.Dodds revised the dates of its occurrence, and offered a psychological explanation: fear of freedom.

Dietrich, Richard Farr.British Drama 1890 To 1950: A Critical history.Twayne's critical history of British drama.Boston: Twayne, 1989.Available online:http://chuma.cas.usf.edu/~dietrich/britishdrama.htm, February 10, 2002.

Dodds, E.Missing Persons.

Credits Murray (specifically his lectures of The Bacchae) as the major promoter of Greek literature as an important field of study.

---.“The Rediscovery of the Classics.”Irish Statesman 2: 42 (10 April 1920): 346-47.Rpt. In Classics Ireland, 1999.

Murray’s translations of Euripides transported the Greek dramas into English by “a sympathetic interpretation of temperament.”

Easterling, P.“Gilbert Murray’s Reading of Euripides.”Colby Quarterly 33 (1997): 2: 113-27.

“Edith Wynne Matthison (1875-1955).”In The Golden Age of Theatre (1880-1920).

This biographical essay notes that Matthison played the lead roles in Murray's translations of two plays by Euripides, The Trojan Women (1905) and Electra (1906), staged by Harley Granville Barker for the Stage Society at the Court Theatre, London.

Edwards, Paul A."’Putting on the Greeks:’ Euripidean tragedy and the twentieth century American theatre.”Ph.D.U of Colorado at Boulder, 1987.

Egerton, George W."Collective Security as Political Myth: Liberal Internationalism and the League of Nations in Politics and History."International History Review 4 (1983): 496-524.

Discusses Murray's role in perpetuating the myth of collective security;he "saw the necessity of myth to animate and defend liberal civilization" (p. 524).

Freeden, Michael.Liberalism Divided: A Study in British political thought, 1914-1939.Oxford, 1986.214-16.

A summary of Murray’s political transformation after the Great War.

JC591 .F57 1996

Gilbert Murray Trust.

Information on the endowment for youth, United Nations Association of the UK.

Goldhill, Simon.“Modern Critical Approaches to Greek Tragedy.”In The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy.Ed. P. E. Easterling.Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997.324-47.

A section on “Anthropology and Structuralism” (331-36) discusses the immense international influence of the Cambridge Ritualists at the beginning of the twentieth century, particularly with respect to drama and its interpretation;in many ways, this influence continues, particularly in their theories that there is a ritual pattern/plot in drama and that the basis of tragedy was the apotropaic ritual, one to turn away disaster (endorsed by Girard today).The latter theory still proves quite productive, and followers have cited Aristotle’s discussion of catharsis.Harrison was instrumental in bringing the work of Durkheim, Mauss, and van Gennep to the attention of classicists.Anthropologically-based critiques of drama have proved indispensible as well as controversial.

“A Great Charter: How we can help the League of Nations.”Woman’s Outlook 17 Jan. 1925: 28-29.

Gilbert Murray was among the speakers at the first Summer School of the League of Nations at Kempsey School in Worcestershire.

Grote, Dale Allan.“Sophocles' "Electra": Social document of the late fifth century Athens.”Ph. D.U of Wisconsin at Madison, 1988.

Wilson, Duncan.Gilbert Murray O. M., 1866-1957.Oxford: Clarendon, 1987.CRAAB 1690.

Reviews:

Ackerman, Robert.Victorian Studies 32 (1989): 461-63.

Arx, Jeffrey von.Albion 21 (1989): 161-62.

Birn, Donald S.American Historical Review 95 (1990): 173.

Davies, M.Notes and Queries 36 (1989): 123-24.

Huys, M.Studes Classiques56 (1988): 389.

Ziobro, William J.Classical World 83 (1989): 136-37.

Hall, Edith and Fiona Macintosh. Greek Tragedy and the British Stage, 1660-1914.Oxford.

Forthcoming.

Hinden M.“Drama and Ritual Once Again: Notes toward a revival of tragic theory.” Comparative Drama 29 (1995): 2: 183-202. 

Historical Overview, 1924 – Present.Available online:

http://www.iwa.org/History/history.html

Hopkinson, David."Vintage Liberals."History Today 28 (1978): 364-71.

Gilbert Murray, among others, was a Liberal Party activist who worked to give new direction to British politics.This group of British Liberal intellectuals, was viewed satirically by H. G. Wells in his novel The New Machiavelli.

Kubiak, David P.“Gilbert Murray: Preserving the memory of the past.” Modern Age 41 (1999): 2: 151-60.

An homage to Murray, known for his translations of Euripides and his involvement with the theater, his work for the public good, and his liberal philosophy.

Madariaga, Salvador de.“Lord Cecil, Gilbert Murray et la Societe des Nations.”Revue des Travaux de l'Academie des Sciences Morales et Politiques et Comptes-Rendus de ses Seances 119 (1966): 1: 112-31.

Both active participants in the League of Nations Union, Cecil and Murray promoted it as a means of extending the “King’s Peace” (as in Commonwealth unity) to all nations.Both ultimately realized that international cooperation faced enormous obstacles.

Marvin, F. S.Positivist Review 1 Mar. 1913: 55-59.Reconsidered, 1 Apr. 1913:87-90.

Review essay of Murray’s Four Stages of Greek Religion.

“John Masefield (1878-1967): A Biographical sketch.” The John Masefield Society.

Katz, M. A.“The Character of Tragedy: Women and the Greek imagination.”Arethusa 27 (1994): 1: 81-103.

Kennedy, D. Granville Barker and the Dream of Theatre.Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1985.

Granville Barker’s productions of Murray’s plays and their relationship.

Lardinois, A.“Greek Myths for Athenian Rituals: Religion and Politics in Aeschylus’ Eumenides and Sophocles’ Oedipus Coloneus.”Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 33 (1992): 4: 313-27.

Leinweber, David Walter.The Role of Metamorphosis in Greco-Roman Religious Thought.Ph.D.Michigan State U, 1992.Abstract Available in DAI 54-01a: 282.

This work traces beliefs in metamorphosis which manifest a commonality in the diverse milieu of Greco-Roman religion. Metamorphosis was the idea that an external religious power could fundamentally change some or all of the human condition’s basic limitations.Metamorphosis beliefs were manifested in a variety of ways, including folklore beliefs in shape-shifting, transformation of perspectives which occurred through ecstatic states, healing, rejuvenation through blood, and the resurrection of the dead. The prevalence of such ideas is abundantly attested in literary and archaeological sources.No work has focused exclusively on the role of Metamorphosis in later ancient religion. In doing so, this thesis argues that metamorphosis should be given a more central role in studies of the various “Hellenistic” religions. Metamorphosis should be seen as an element which helped to attract the diverse peoples who found spiritual satisfaction in the newer faiths. Supports the work of scholars like Franz Cumont, A. D. Nock, and Gilbert Murray, who emphasized human spirituality as an important causal factor in the diffusion of the new Greco-Roman cults. The concept of metamorphosis gave hope to many in the ancient world. It was one of the greatest common themes of a profoundly religious age.

Lloyd-Jones, H.Blood for the Ghosts: Classical Influences in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.London, 1982.

Modern playwrights’ responses to Euripides influenced Euripidean scholarship.

---. “Psychoanalysis and the Study of the Ancient World.” (1985). Rpt. in Greek in a Cold Climate. By H. Lloyd-Jones, London, 1991. Pp. 187-95.

Macurdy, Grace.“Had the Danaid Trilogy a Social Problem?”Classical Philology XXX: (1944): xxxx.

Rejects the interpretation of Aeschylus’ The Suppliant Women by Murray, George Thomson and Wilhelm Schmid that the Danaids are unfeminine.They were not frigid and did not hate men;they were merely responding to their attack by men they hated.They are, she argues, “Aristotelian heroines ‘like ourselves’” (98).

Macintosh, Fiona. “The Shavian Murray and the Euripidean Shaw: Major Barbara and the Bacchae.” Classics Ireland 5 (1998): np.

Originally a paper given at the Graduate School in Ancient Drama, 8-12 July 1996.Murray influenced Shaw, in both intellectual stimulus and authority;Murray enabled Shaw to be “seriously intellectually challenging at this stage in his career.”Murray’s translations and interpretations of Greek drama.During the composition of Act III of Major Barbara, Murray provided help.Details biographical elements in MB;Murray was flattered that he was the main inspiration for the character of Cusins, Shaw’s ideal position.Lady Britomart was inspired by Murray’s mother-in-law, Countess Carlisle, and Barbara possibly by Murray’s wife, Lady Mary.It appears that Shaw originally intended MB to be a version of the Bacchae.

---.“Tragedy in Performance: Nineteenth- and twentieth-century productions.”In The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy.Ed. P. E. Easterling. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997.284-323.

Discusses productions of Greek tragedy from 1850 to the present.A brief mention of Harrison in the 1883 Warr production of Tale of Troy.Outrage over the censorship of Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, a free version by W. L. Courtney, caused Murray to temporarily abandon his translations of Euripides in favor of Sophocles.He suggested a performance with a lecture before and after, and with speeches by Cabinet Ministers.It was fear of growing public pressure that caused the Advisory Board of the Examiner of Plays to finally grant a license to Murray’s translation, Oedipus, King of Thebes.Murray’s play, with slight adaptations by Courtney, was produced in January, 1912, with Martin-Harvey and Lillah MacCarthy acting.Murray resonded to criticism of Max Reinhardt’s production in a letter to the Times, 23 January 1912:it was “something vital, magnificent, unforgettable.”Murray generally disapproved of producers’ handling of the chorus in his plays;he preferred the spoken word rather than song.Cites the important contributions Murray made to Greek tragedy in the English-speaking world.

Mejer, Jorgen."Henrik Ibsen and the Revival of Euripides."Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 27 (1986): 399-407.

The essence of both Euripides and Ibsen was their concern with discussing contemporary issues.Mejer discusses the response to the two playwrights as seen in the work of Wilamowitz and "the English upstart with leftist inclinations, Gilbert Murray" (407).

Monk, Ray.Bertrand Russell: The Spirit of solitude, 1872-1921. New York: Free Press, 1996.

Murray’s reading of his translation of the Hippolytus at Newnham College in 1901, deeply affected Russell and influenced his philosophical system (135-38).The two were friends and adversaries.It was largely due to Murray’s efforts that Russell was allowed to move to the relative freedom of Brixton, a first division prison, rather than a dismal second division prison.The two disagreed on the idea of alternative service for conscientious objectors.Russell accused Murray of writing government propaganda in his The Foreign Policies of Sir Edward Gray;Murray denied the charge, but it was actually true.Briefly mentions that Russell met with Harrison to dispel rumors he was leaving his wife Alys for another women.Harrison wasn’t taken in by his ‘injured martyr’ performance and later began naming possible suspects.The truth came out to protect the innocent (Mrs. Cornford was mentioned) (pp. 223-24).

Norwood, G.Euripides and Shaw.Boston: J. W. Luce, 1921.

Details the influence of Euripides and Murray’s translations of the Greek dramas on Bernard Shaw.

O'Connor, M.“Euripides’ Alcestis as a Foreshadowing of the Christian Doctrine of Redemption.” Dublin Review 124 (4S) (1899): 119.

Panichas, George A."A Tribute to Gilbert Murray." Greek Orthodox Theological Review 3 (1957): 70-71.

Purdom, C. B.Harley Granville Barker: Man of the theatre, dramatist, and scholar.Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1955.

References to Murray’s relationship with Barker and the latter’s productions of his plays.Includes correspondence.

Rothensteirn, John. “Oscar Nemon in Appreciation.”Online:http://kancrn.kckps.k12.ks.us/Harmon/breighm/nemon.html

McNeill, William H.Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life.New York: Oxford UP, 1989.

This biography of Toynbee includes a discussion of Murray, his father-in-law and friend.See also review by H. R. Trevor-Roper in New York Review of Books 12 Oct. 1989: 28-34.

“Revitalizing Greek Tragedy for American Consumption." Current Opinion 59 (1915): 28-29.

Nevinson, H. W.Essays in Freedom.London, 190p.215-20.

Supports Murray’s attempts to free classicism from its legacy to calm rationality.Hellenic philosophy, as the Aristotelian ‘extreme,’ is a major part of Hellenic philosophy.

Russell, Bertrand."Détente" or Destruction, 1955-57.”In Bertrand Russell: His Works.Vol. 29. Ed. Andrew G. Bone.In Progress.Available online: http://www.humanities.mcmaster.ca/~russell/volume29.htm

Schanke, Robert A.Eva Le Gallienne: A Bio-Bibliography.Bio-Bibliographies in the Performing Arts 5.New York: Greenwood, 1989.

Silk, Michael.Tragedy and the Tragic. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Skelton, Matthew.“The Paratext of Everything: Constructing and marketing H. G. Wells's The Outline of History.”Book History 4(2001): 237-75.

Although Wells claimed that he was the sole author of the Outline, he did have collaborators, Murray among them.

Smith, Logan Pearsall.A Chime of Words: The Letters of Logan Pearsall Smith.Ed. Edwin Tribble.New York: Ticknor, 1984.

Includes a brief exchange of letters with Murray, 1938-1939, 1944.

Stapleton, Julia.“Political Thought, Elites and the State in Modern Britain.”The Historical Journal 42 (1999): 1: 251-68.Available online in Camb UP Online.

Historiographical review.During the late Victorian and early twentieth century periods, an intellectual elite saw themselves as “public moralists,” defining public values and providing unity and direction to society through their scholarship and personal conduct.These “public intellectuals” were characterized by “their exclusivity; pursuit of intellectual inquiry within distinctive English ‘national’ traditions; adherence to an ideology of ‘liberal pluralism’; commitment to social improvement through individual exertion; and accordance of a purely formal role to the state” (252).Murray and other liberal humanist classicists like Richard Jebb and Richard Livingstone were figures in this movement.

Blaazer, David. The Popular Front and the Progressive Tradition: Socialists, liberals, and the quest for unity, 1884-1939.Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1992.

Murray argued for the cooperation of Liberals with the Labour Party, as both were based on progressive values, the ideas of “proress, enlightenment, self-mastery . . . (qtd. p. 115.)However, he also feared certain anti-social and social class factors he found among the trades and unions, and he refused to join the Labour Party.In 1938, he chaired the National Emergency Conference on Spain which sought to bring an end to non-intervention.

Jennings, J. and A. Kemp-Welch, eds. Intellectuals in Politics: From the Dreyfus Affair to Salmon Rushdie. London, 1997.

Heyck, T. W.“Myths and Meanings of Intellectuals in Twentieth-Century British National Identity.”Journal of British Studies 37 (1998): 196.

Webb, Beatrice.Diary of Beatrice Webb. 4 vols. London, 1982-1985.

Barker, Ernest. Age and Youth: Memories of three universities and father of the man. Oxford, 1953.

Stawell, F. Melian.“Mr. Murray’s Euripides.”Independent Review 1 (1903): 1: 181-85.

A review of the anthology Euripides (The Athenian Drama 3).Murray’s translations of Greek drama emphasize the ecstatic.

Stokes, J.Resistible Theatres: Enterprise and experiment in the late nineteenth century.London, 1972.Esp 52-58.

Stratton, Clarence."Greek Influence Upon the Stage."Art and Archaeology 3 (1916): 251-63.

Thompson, J. A."The 'Peace Ballot' and the 'Rainbow' Controversy."Journal of British Studies 20 (1981): 150-70.

Murray had doubts about the effectiveness of a national referendum, fearing that the results would reveal a national apathy toward the question.

Tieche, Edouard.Der Ursprung der Tragodie.Aarau Sauerlander, 1915.

Studies the hypotheses of Wilamowitz, Ridgeway, Nilsson, and Murray and concludes that tragedy originated in a cult of the vegetation god Dionysos.

Todd, Robert B.“E. R. Dodds: The Dublin Years (1916-1919).”Classics Ireland 1999.Available online

Dodds was Murray’s prize student;he succeeded Murray as Regius Professor of Greek at Oxford in 1936.Dodds sought to continue the anthropological bent of the classics as practiced by Jane Harrison and Francis M. Cornford.

---.Review of Robert J. Ball (ed.), The Unpublished Lectures of Gilbert Highet. Hawaii Classical Studies, 2. New York: Peter Lang, 1998.Online:http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/1999/1999-01-08.html

van den Dungen, Peter.“Commentary: On the historiography of peace.”Peace & Change 20 (1995): 1: 68-75.Available online in EbscoHost.

A response to a previous article, “Why Peace History?”, by Ralph Summy and Malcolm Saunders.Murray’s 1913 request to Andrew Carnegie that he establish university chairs of “peace history,” was met with a pledge “to contribute with others who lead the way, as I am not in a position to lead the movement,” but the Great War and Carnegie’s death ended the plan.The idea of peace history had originated with J. Estlin Carpenter of Manchester College, Oxford. 

Vassar College History, 1905-1914.Available online:http://vassun.vassar.edu/~daniels/1905_1914.html

1907, May 12:Gilbert Murray, Fellow of New College, Oxford University, lectured on "Greece and Progress". He also lectured at the college in 1912 on "The Chorus".

1910, May 6:Edith Wynne Matthison, English actress, gave a reading of Gilbert Murray's translation of the Electra of Euripides.

Voices For Liberty In The Ancient World.Available online:

http://www.libertystory.net/LSARTSANCIENTGREEKVOICES.htm

The first yearnings to be free were expressed in Greek epics, tragedies and comedies.

Webster, Margaret.Don't Put Your Daughter on the Stage.New York: Knopf, 1972.

Director of Murray's translation of The Trojan Women in 1941 for the Experimental Theatre, Webster recounts her experiences.

Wells , H. G. “The Religion of Atheists:A Note on a Lecture by Professor Gilbert Murray.”In God the Invisible King.London: Macmillan, 1917.Available online:http://www.pagebypagebooks.com/H_G_Herbert_George_Wells/God_The_Invisible_King/Chapter_4_The_Religion_Of_Atheists_5_A_Note_On_A_Lecture_By_Professor_Gilbert_Murray_p1.html

Wells worked with Murray to help found the League of Nations.

West, Francis.Gilbert Murray: A Life.London: Croom Helm, 1984.CRAAB 1686.

Review:

Knopff, E. Christian. Modern Age 32 (1989): 2: 160-63.

Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Ulrich Von.Prussian and the Poet: The letters of Ulrich Von Wilamowitz-Moellendorfff to Gilbert Murray (1894-1930).Eds. Robert L. Fowler, William M. Calder, and Anton Vierl.Lubrecht & Cramer, 1991.

ARCHIVAL HOLDINGS

Halliday, Sir William Reginald (1886-1966).Papers.King's College London Archives Services.Available online: http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/iss/archives/collect/10ha55-1.html

This Summary Guide lists letters from Murray.

ENCYCLOPEDIA ENTRIES

Ceadel, Martin."Murray, (George) Gilbert (Aime)."Blackwell Biographical Dictionary of British Political Life in the Twentieth Century.Ed. Keith Robbins.Oxford: Blackwell, 1990.321-23.

“Murray, (George) Gilbert (Aime).” Encyclopaedia Britanica.Available online: http://www.hongik.ac.kr/~yhyo/murray-bio.htm

Murray, Gilbert.

Murray, Gilbert. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6^th ed.New York:Columbia UP,2001.Available online: http://www.bartleby.com/65/mu/Murray-Gi.html

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0834503.html

“Gilbert Murray.”Times Literary Supplement TLS Centenary Archives.Contributor Biography.Available online by subscription.

Peacock, Sandra.“Gilbert Murray.”The 1890s: An Encyclopedia of literature, art, and culture.New York: Garland, 1992.

O

Literature, Art, and Culture, New York: Garland Publishing Company, 1992.

FRANCIS MACDONALD CORNFORD

Microcosmographia Academia.

Noted in Katz.193.

From Religion to Philosophy.

Review:

Psychological Medicine 11 (1981): 438.

Thucydides Mythistoricus.

Review:

Hermathena 14 (1907): 542-43.

WORKS ABOUT

Boger, George K.“The Pythagorean Problem: A Study of historiographic methodology.”Ph. D.State U of New York at Buffalo, 1982.

Analyzes the methodologies of six modern historians of Pythagoreanism for the kind of historical explanation provided.A Durkheimian, Cornford took an anthropological perspective of philosophy and emphasized the latter's totemic nature. 

Finley, J. H.Thucydides.Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1942.

Maintains that Cornford pressed the element of tragedy too far, seeing it as the key to the method and spirit of the work and also its meaning (324)

Good, Edwin M."Apocalyptic as Comedy: The Book of Daniel." emeia 32 (1984): 41-70.

Uses Cornford's sense of the term comedy as mythos to interpret Daniel as mainly comic.

Grunday, G. B.Thucydides and the History of His Age.1911.

Hunter, Virginia. J.Thucydides, the Artful Reporter.Toronto: Hakkert, 1973.

Cornford’s work “met with almost universal indignation.”A. W. Gomme viewed Thucydides as a recorder of events and defended him against Cornford, J. H. Finley, Werner Jaeger, and Collingwood.In Thucydides Mythistoricus, Cornford “had the temerity to emphasize . . . irrational aspects of Thucydides’ outlook and his manipulation of events and characters . . . to make them conform to his own preconceptions about the tragedy of Athens.

Irwin, T. H.“Eminent Victorians and Greek Ethics: Sidgwick, Green, and Aristotle.”In Essays on Henry Sidgwick.Ed.B. Schultz.1992.279-310.

Like Sidgwick and W. K. C. Guthrie, Cornford could not cross the disciplinary divide between philosophy and classics (ix.)

Jayaswal, Shakuntala.“Chasing the Comic Muse: Beckett, Stoppard, Orton, and Churchill in the Aristophanic and Menandrian tradition.”Ph. D.U of Wisconsin-Madison at Madison, 1987.

Offers a more broadly defined tradition of comedy, drawing on Cornford's studies.This broader definition includes Aristophanes and Old Comedy.

Johnson, G.University Politics: F. M. Cornford’s Cambridge and His Advice to the Young Academic Politician.Cambridge UP, 1994.

Reprint of Micocosmographia Academia.Johnson details the environment of the Cambridge University in which Cornford worked.

Mittelstadt, M. C.“The Thucydidian Tragic View: The Moral Implications.”Ramus 14 (1985): 59-73.

Nery, Antonio Wagner.“T. S. Eliot and the Myth of Christ: An Analysis of Prufrock, Tiresias and Becket.”Ph. D.George Washington U, 1986.

Cornford's work, among that of others, influenced Eliot's poetic vision, specifically the image of Christ within a mythological context.

Rood, Tim.Thucydides: Narrative and explanation.Oxford: Clarendon P, 1998.

Cornford’s work “anticipates modern discussions of the ‘infiguration’ or emplotment’ of historical narrative” (17). His well-known but often misunderstood thesis that Thucydides composed his work under the subconscious influence of a tragic schema was inaccurate because Thucydides overemphasized the role Fortune had in the success of the Athenians.While M. C. Mittelstadt praised Cornford’s thesis that Thucydides purposely and consciously wrote historical tragedy.Gomme’s claims that Cornford believed Thucydides exaggerated the element of chance to minimize the success of Kleon is a view that FMC explicitly rejectd, in favor of the view that his exaggeration served to minimize the success of Demosthenes.

Schlagel, Richard H.From Myth to the Modern Mind: A Study of the origins and growth of scientific thought.Vol. 1:Animism to Archimedes.American University Studies series V: Philosophy, v. 12.New York: Peter Lang, 1985.

Cornford's conception that Milesian philosophy was influenced by earlier theogonic tradition is clearly supported by the evidence.

Shafer, Yvonne."Archetypal Figures in The Caretaker: Trickster vs. intruder."Literature in Performance: A Journal of Literary and Performing Art 6 (1986): 38-43.

Uses the work of Cornford and Jung to examine Harold Pinter's The Caretaker.

Todd, Robert B.“Henry Sidgwick, Cambridge Classics, and the Study of Ancient Philosophy: The Decisive years (1866-9)”In Classics in 19^th and 20^th Century Cambridge: Curriculum, Culture and Community.Ed. Christopher Stray. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, supplement 24.Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society, 1999.15-26.

Footnote refers to Cornford’s paper, “The Laws of Motion in Ancient Thought,” regarding Sidgwick’s teaching methods.

Versnel, H. S.“What’s Sauce for the Goose is Sauce for the Gander: Myth and ritual, old and new.”In Approaches to Greek Myth.Baltimore, 1990.” 25-95.Esp. 35.

Outlines the importance of the Origin of Attic Comedy.

Williams, Roger.“Reflections on Cornford’s Cambridge and the Present Dilemmas of British Higher Education.”Minerva:A Review of science, learning and policy 35 (1997): 1: 63-72.

ENCYCLOPEDIA ENTRIES:

Obituary. Cambridge Review 30 Jan. 1943: 164-65.

ARTHUR BERNARD COOK

Works By

Letter.Times Literary Supplement 31 January 1918: 57.

Repetition in Poetry. Relates that Tennyson claimed he used an identical rhyme in “The Lotus Eaters” to produce the effect of monotony.Gives other examples and refers readers to his “Unconscious Iterations” in the 1902 Classical Review, vol. 16, pp. 146-58, 256-67, for further examples.His intention was to determine “the psychological principles on which such effects are based.”

"Windsor Castle." In A Complete Collection of the English Poems which have Obtained the Chancellor's Medal. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.209-14.

Zeus: A Study in ancient religion.Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1914.

Available online at:

Internet Webincunabula, 1999.

As of 4-30-02, the link only provides contents.

WORKS ABOUT

Asher, J. R.“’Speiretai’: Paul's anthropogenic metaphor in 1-Corinthians-XV,42-44, A mythic and philosophical history of a metaphor for "sowing" and divine creation in the Pauline opera.”Journal of Biblical Literature 120:1 (2001): 101-22.

Williams, B.“What was wrong with Minos? Thucydides and historical time.”Representations 74 (2001): 1-18.

Thucydides invented historical time when he was able to separate fact and fable.Cornford claimed incorrectly that “Thucydides wrote an Aeschylean tragedy because he lacked the resources to construct a proper positivist history.”

Brewster, Frank."The Arrangement of Oars in the Trireme."Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 44 (1933): 205-25.

Addresses the theory advocated by Tarn and Cook, and concludes that the evidence appears to support it.

Broneer, Oscar.“Hero Cults in the Corinthian Agora.”Hesperia 11 (1942): 2: 128-61.

Cook convincingly argues that Poseidon was originally a specialized form of Zeus.

Isaac, D."Les Demons minoens."Revue de l'histoire des religions 118 (1938): 55-91.

Examines monuments to distinguish several types of demons.Comments on Cook's 1894 article .

Taylor, John Walter."Tree Worship."Mankind Quarterly 20 (1979): 79-141.

Some of Cook's evidence regarding the oak as originally the tree of the earth-mother was exaggerated.He later tempered his criticism of Frazer.

Classical Scholarship: A Biographical encyclopedia. Ed. Ward W. Briggs and William M. Calder III. Garland reference library of the humanities 928.New York: Garland, 1990.

Schlesier, Renate."Jane Ellen Harrison."127-41.

Wood, Douglas K."F. M. Cornford."23-36.

Fowler, Robert."Gilbert Murray."321-35.

Brown, Christopher."Dionysus and the Women of Elis." Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 23 (1982): 305-14.

M., B. D., Margaret Larson Lethen, George A. Stamires, Benjamin D. Meritt. “Greek Inscriptions.”Hesperia 26 (1957): 1: 24-97.

Cook was of the opinion that Zeus Exopsios would mean “the god who watches over the fortunes of his realm,” and suggested a reference to a Phrygian text cut on an altar beside a cave.

Seltman, Charles.“Greek Sculpture and Some Festival Coins.”Hesperia 17 (1948): 2: 71-85.

The 34th Report of the American Excavations in the Athenian Agora.Cook compiled the information on Pheidias’ Zeus statue in a “masterly” fashion:“His manner of setting the ‘cons’ of some ancient writers against the ‘pros’ of the majority may confirm our belief in the glory of the original” (74).

Sherry, Pearl Andelson."Symbolism in the Letters of Elizabeth Madox Roberts."Southern Review 20 (1984): 824-28.

Finds the symbolism clarified after consulting two works of Harrison and Murray.

Vanderpool, Eugene.“Some Attic Inscriptions.”Hesperia 35 (1966): 3: 274-83.

Has examined the Zeus (Exopsis?) stone and is convinced that the last letter was read incorrectly.The epithet Exopsios, as suggested by Cook, is wrong.Suggests instead Zeus Exousia, Zeus of Power or Authority.

Vickery, John B."The Scapegoat in Literature: Some kinds and uses."In The Binding of Proteus: Perspectives on Myth and the Literary Process.Ed. Marjorie W. McCune, Tucker Orbison, and Philip M. Withim.Lewisburg: Bucknell UP, 1980.264-78.The Binding of Proteus : perspectives of myth and the literary process : collected papers of the Bucknell University program on myth and literature and the Bucknell-Susquehanna Colloquium on Myth in Literature, held at Bucknell and Susquehanna Universities, 21 and 22 March 1974 / edited by Marjorie W. McCune, Tucker Orbison, Philip M. Withim. Lewisburg, Pa.: Bucknell UP, 1980.

Weisinger, Herbert."Myth and Ritual Approach." Centennial Review 1 (1957): 142-66.

Wycherley, Richard E.“Zeus Exopsios (?).” Hesperia 37 (1968): 1: 121-22.

Cook was the first to suggest exopsios as the likely word in the uncompleted epithet of Zeus, found on a boundary-marker of a Zeus-shrine, Agora I.The term, meaning “looked out,” is appropriate if the shrine did indeed look out over the city;it expresses the god’s “far-reaching and all-embracing vision.”