Environment

Sources for research on the environment in Africa

Contents:

Selected web sites

  1. Southern Africa Environment Page
    Homepage of an NGO that is based out of Cape Town. Page has a southern Africa regional focus with news, government projects/initiatives, announcements, articles on topics ranging from sustainable development to eco-tourism to desertification.
  2. UNEP
    Comprehensive page with a wide breadth of materials including texts of UNEP produced documents and policy papers, treaties and accords (e.g. Nairobi and Rio Declarations), announcements and descriptions of current UNEP funded projects ongoing in Africa and elsewhere. The site contains links to a variety of other environmental related sites.
  3. Africa South of the Sahara: Selected Internet Resources
    African related website compiled by Stanford University Hoover Institute Library's Africa Collection curator Karen Fung. Great links page that contains a great many links to organizations and other environmentally related websites (as well as many other topics, such as development, health etc). The site can be searched by topic, region or country and is an excellent place to begin your research. There are links to academic, scientific, and popular sites.
  4. UNDP
    A comprehensive website sponsored by the UN Development Program with information on development projects being sponsored by UNDP around the world, policy papers and reports, and links to all the UNDP satellite offices around the world. The site can be searched by region, making more specific searches easy to do.
  5. CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
    Homepage of the CITES treaty, which deals with the prevention of trade in threatened or endangered plants and animals worldwide. Included on the site is program information, documents, descriptions of CITES programs, a database of animals listed on the convention (including population information, maps of geographic distributions, etc.) and in-depth articles on the established programs intended to protect the African elephant.
  6. The World Bank
    The homepage of the World Bank is a comprehensive site that focuses on development in developing nations. Relevant to the topic here is the page's information and documents on the linking of development and environmental protection. Information is available on diverse topics such as deforestation, cultivating and utilizing indigenous knowledge, and environmental statistics. Also included are World Bank-Africa related headlines and project announcements, Bank reports and policy papers, and a country specific search engine that allows the user to find information pertaining to an individual nation.
  7. The Portal for the Conservation of Africa's Flora and Fauna
    This site contains links to the homepages of many conservation and environmental NGOs based in Africa. It covers most of Africa and users can conduct a country by country search of organizations.
  8. African Wildlife Foundation
    NGO homepage that contains information on the major animals living in sub-Saharan Africa and news articles on conservation projects and other relevant events across the continent. Check out the multimedia section where you can listen to the calls of different animals.
  9. Uganda Forestry Resources and Institutions Center
    Homepage of a research project between the Uganda Forestry Resources and Institutions Center at Makerere University and Indiana University. The page deals with forestry issues in Africa and indigenous knowledge and conservation. Contains a great many downloadable articles on conservation, forestry, biodiversity, and indigenous knowledge in Africa, as well as a selected bibliography for other articles on the above subjects. The site also contains links to many other research organizations and programs relevant to forestry and the environment in Africa.
  10. A Guide to American Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations Active in Sub-Saharan Africa
    This is a publication put out by the US State Dept. during the Clinton administration, which lists the main NGOs working in Africa. It lists contact info, current activities, brief mission statements, and budget information. The publication is a few years old, so some information may be outdated.
  11. UNEP Global Environment Outlook (GEO) project. Includes an Africa profile fact sheet in Adobe Acrobat format (.pdf).
  12. The International Institute for Environment and Development has a number of full-text resources available. A publications list is also available, including reports from the Drylands Programme (e.g. Securing the Commons series).

Published sources

Agriculture and the Environment

Ahmed, Abdel Ghaffar M. and Wilfred Mlay (eds). Environment and Sustainable Development in Eastern and Southern Africa: Some Critical Issues. Basingstoke, UK: Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa, 1998.

Cleaver, Kevin M. Reversing the Spiral: The Population, Agriculture, and Environment Nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1994.

Conservation for Development Centre, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. The IUCN Sahel Report : A Long-Term Strategy for Environmental Rehabilitation; The Report of IUCN's Task Force on the Sahel and other Drought-Affected Regions of Africa. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, 1986.

Gyasi, Edwin and Juha I. Uitto (eds). Environment, Biodiversity and Agricultural Change in West Africa: Perspectives from Ghana. Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1997.

Kikula, I. S. Policy Implications on Environment: The Case of Villagisation in Tanzania. Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute, 1997.

Natural Resources and the Human Environment for Food and Agriculture in Africa. Rome: FAO, 1981.

Pieri, Christian J. M. G. Fertility of Soils: A Future for Farming in the West African Savannah. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992.

Reij, Chris. Indigenous Soil and Water Conservation in Africa. London, UK: Sustainable Agriculture Programme of the International Institute for Environment and Development, 1991.

Remane, K. African Inland Fisheries, Aquaculture and the Environment. Cambridge, MA: Published by arrangement with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations by Fishing News Books, 1997.

Scoones, Ian. Hazards and Opportunities: Farming Livelihoods in Dryland Africa: Lessons from Zimbabwe. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books, 1996.

Smith, Kate and Tetsunao Yamamori (eds). Growing our Future: Food Security and the Environment. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press, 1992.

Development and the Environment

Achoka, Awori J. Uhai: A Model for Sustainable Livelihood and Natural Resources Management in Africa. Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya Energy and Environment Organizations, 1996.

Ahmed, Abdel Ghaffar M. and Wilfred Mlay (eds). Environment and Sustainable Development in Eastern and Southern Africa: Some Critical Issues. Basingstoke: Macmillan in association with Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa, 1998.

Bethlehem, Lael and Michael Goldblatt (eds). The Bottom Line: Industry and the Environment in South Africa. Rondebosch, South Africa: University of Cape Town, 1997.

Binns, Tony (ed). People and Environment in Africa. New York: Wiley, 1995.

Falloux, Francois. Crisis and Opportunity: Environment and Development in Africa. London, UK: Earthscan, 1993.

Moyo, Sam, Phil O'Keefe, and Michael Sill (eds). The Southern African Environment: Profiles of the SADC Countries. London: Earthscan Publications, 1993.

Okidi, C. Odidi. Development and the Environment in Kagera Basin under the Rusumo Treaty. Nairobi, Kenya: Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, 1986.

Onokerhoraye, Andrew G. Urbanization and Environment in Nigeria: Implications for Sustainable Development. Benin City, Nigeria: University of Benin, 1995.

Parkin, David and Elisabeth Croll (eds). Bush Base, Forest Farm: Culture, Environment and Development. New York: Routledge, 1992.

Perrings, Charles. Pastoral Strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Economic and Ecological Sustainability of Dryland Range Management. Washington, DC: World Bank, Environment Dept., 1993.

Endangered Species

Beacham, Walton (ed). World Wildlife Fund Guide to Extinct Species of Modern Times. Osprey, FL: Beacham Pub., 1997.

Favre, David S. International Trade in Endangered Species: A Guide to CITES. Boston: Martin Nijhoff Publishers, 1989.

Ginsberg, Joshua and David Macdonald. The African Wild Dog: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland : IUCN, 1997.

Harland, D. J. Killing game: International Law and the African Elephant. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994.

Hemley, Ginette (ed). International Wildlife Trade: A CITES Sourcebook. Washington, DC: World Wildlife Fund: Island Press, 1994.

Hutton, J. M. (ed). The CITES Nile Crocodile Project: Coordinator's Report. Lausanne, Switzerland: Secretariat of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 1992.

Klemm, Cyrille de. Guidelines for Legislation to Implement CITES. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, 1993.

Lee, Phyllis C. Threatened Primates of Africa: the IUCN Red Data Book. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, 1988.

National Geographic Society (US). Cartographic Division. Africa: Africa Threatened. Washington, DC: The National Geographic Society, 1990.

Shomon, Joseph James. Wild Edens: Africa's Premier Game Parks and Their Wildlife. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1998.

Stuart, Chris. Africa's Vanishing Wildlife. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996.

United States. Agency for International Development. Bureau for Africa. Office of Technical Resources. Natural Resources Branch. Botswana Biological Diversity Assessment. Washington, DC: 1988.

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment. Conservation of Species and the Endangered Rhinoceros: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment of the Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session, September 25, 1986. Washington, DC: US G.P.O., 1987.

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Asian and African Elephant Conservation: Hearing Before the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, first session on the consideration of S. 1287... November 4, 1997. Washington, DC: US G.P.O., 1998.

United States. Rhinoceros and Tiger Conservation Act of 1994. Washington, DC: US G.P.O., 1994.

Environmental Organizations

Boyer, David. The role of northern NGOs in the promotion of sustainable development in Africa. Edinburgh, Scotland: Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh, 1990.

Chenje, Munyaradzi (ed). Directory of environmental information & organisations in Southern Africa. Harare, Zimbabwe: IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa, 1996.

Diong, Ibrahima Cheikh. African regional NGO's: an overview of institutions. Washington, DC: USAID, 1994.

Hazelwood, Peter T. Expanding the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in national forestry programs : the report of three regional workshops in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute, 1987.

Katerere, Yemi, Sam Moyo and Peter Ngobese. Opportunities for NGO involvement in the Southern African Development Community's (SADC) strategies on the environment. Harare, Zimbabwe: ZERO, 1993.

Langley, Philip. Non-governmental organisations in Africa & rural development. Douala, Cameroon: Directorate of Programmes, Publications, & Marketing, PAID-GS, 1995.

Pinxteren, Bert van. Environment and development in Namibia: the role of NGOs. Nairobi, Kenya: Environmental Liaison Centre International, 1989 or 1990.

Potter, David (ed). NGOs and environmental policies: Asia and Africa. London: Frank Cass, 1996.

Thomas, Alan, Susan Carr and David Humphreys (eds). Environmental policies and NGO influence: Land degradation and sustainable resource management in Sub-Saharan Africa. London: Routledge, 2001.

Environmental Policies and Programs

Blackwell, Jonathan M. Environment and Development in Africa: Selected Case Studies. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1991.

Caldwell, Wayne (ed). Issues and Responses: Land Use Planning in Eastern and Southern Africa. Harare, Zimbabwe: Weaver Press, 1999.

Chenje, Munyaradzi (ed). Zambezi Basin: State of the Environment 2000. Maseru, Lesotho: SADC, Environment and Land Management Sector Coordination Unit, 2000.

Cock, Jacklyn and Eddie Koch (eds). Going Green: People, Politics and the Environment in South Africa. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Dorm-Adzobu, Clement. New Roots: Institutionalizing Environmental Management in Africa. Washington, DC: World Resource Institute, 1995.

Fuggle, R.F. and M.A. Rabie (eds). Environmental Management in South Africa. Cape Town: Juta, 1992.

Ghai, Dharam P. Conservation, Livelihood and Democracy: Social Dynamics of Environmental Changes in Africa. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 1992.

Govere, Ephraim. Policies for Agroforestry Development in Zimbabwe. Harare, Zimbabwe: Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Zimbabwe, 1998.

IUCN Environmental Law Centre. African Wildlife Laws. Morges, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1987.

James, Valentine Udoh. Conservation Policies in West Africa: a Study of Southeastern Nigeria. San Francisco, CA: International Scholars Publications, 1996.

Kumar, Umesh and Paul S. Maro (eds). Towards a Regional Legal Framework for the Management of Natural Resources and Environment for Sustainable Development in Southern Africa. Maseru, Lesotho: SADC Environment and Land Management Sector (ELMS), Coordination Unit, 1996.

Mugabe, John and Norman Clark (eds). Managing Biodiversity: National Systems of Conservation and Innovation in Africa. Nairobi, Kenya: African Centre for Technology Studies, 1998.

Okidi, C. Odidi. Environment and Development in Africa: Policy Initiatives. Nairobi, Kenya: African Centre for Technology Studies, 1993.

Okoth-Ogendo, H.W.O. and J.B. Ojwang (eds). A Climate for Development: Climate Change Policy Options for Africa. Nairobi, Kenya: African Centre for Technology Studies, 1995.

Rowlands, Ian H. Climate Change Cooperation in Southern Africa. London: Earthscan, 1998.

Salih, M.A. Mohamed and Shibru Tedla (eds). Environmental Planning, Policies, and Politics in Eastern and Southern Africa. New York: St. Martin's Press in association with Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa, 1999.

Salih, M. A. Mohamed. Environmental Politics and Liberation in Contemporary Africa. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.

Tesi, Moses K. (ed). The Environment and Development in Africa. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2000.

Tevera, Daniel and Sam Moyo (eds). Environmental Security in Southern Africa. Mt. Pleasant, Harare: SARIPS of SAPES Trust, Regional Office, 2000.

Venema, Bernhard and Hans van den Breemer (eds). Towards Negotiated co-Management of Natural Resources in Africa. Piscataway, NJ: Distributed in North America by Transaction Publishers, 1999.

Whitman, Jim (ed). The Sustainability Challenge for Southern Africa. New York: St. Martin's Press in association with Global Security Fellows Initiative, University of Cambridge, 2000.

Gender Issues and the Environment

Kurian, Priya A. Engendering the Environment? Gender in the World Bank's Environmental Policies. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2000.

Lee-Smith, Diana and Ebam Etta (eds). Women Managing Resources: African Research on Gender, Urbanisation and Environment. Nairobi, Kenya: Mazingira Institute, 1999.

Mvududu, Sara C. Gender, Environment, and Sustainable Development: Zimbabwe's Case. Harare, Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe Women's Resource Centre and Network, 1993.

Oruwari, Yomi (ed). Women, Development, and the Nigerian Environment. Ibadan, Nigeria: Vantage, 1996.

Russo, Sandra L. Gender and Environment. Kampala, Uganda: Ministry of Water, Energy, Mines, and Environmental Protection, 1993.

Stiles, Daniel (ed). Social Aspects of Sustainable Dryland Management. Chichester, New York: Published on behalf of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) by J. Wiley & Sons, 1995.

Shah, Wahida Patwa. Community Problem Solving for Sustainable Development: A Review of Kenya Grassroots Womens' Initiatives. Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya Energy and Environment Organizations, 1994.

Thomas-Slayter, Barbara P. Gender, Environment, and Development in Kenya: A Grassroots Perspective. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995.

Williams, Paula Jean. Women's Participation in Forestry Activities in Africa: Project Summary and Policy Recommendations. Nairobi, Kenya: Environment Liaison Centre International, 1992.

Williams, Paula Jean. Women, Trees and Forests in Africa: A Resource Guide. Nairobi, Kenya: Environment Liaison Centre International, 1992.

Human Impact on the Environment

Beinart, William. Environment and History: The Taming of Nature in the USA and South Africa. London: Routledge, 1995.

Connah, Graham. Three Thousand Years in Africa: Man and his Environment in the Lake Chad Region of Nigeria. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Griffiths, Tom and Libby Robin (eds). Ecology and Empire: Environmental History of Settler Societies. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1997.

Harms, Robert. Games Against Nature: An Eco-Cultural History of the Nunu of Equatorial Africa. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Land Issues and the Environment

Bakema, Reint J. (ed). Land Tenure and Sustainable Land Use. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Royal Tropical Institute, 1994.

Bennett, John William. Political Ecology and Development Projects Affecting Pastoralist peoples in East Africa. Madison, WI: Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1984.

Calestous, Juma and J.B. Ojwang (eds). In Land We Trust: Environment, Private Property and Constitutional Change. London: Zed Books, 1996.

Casimir, Michael J. The Pastoral Land Crisis: Tenure and Dispossession in Eastern Africa. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1997.

Cook, Cynthia C. (ed). Involuntary Resettlement in Africa: Selected Papers from a Conference on Environment and Settlement Issues in Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1994.

Cousins, Ben. A Role for Common Property Institutions in Land Redistribution Programmes in South Africa. London: Sustainable Agriculture Programme, International Institute for Environment and Development, 1995.

Dickey, Melissa (ed). Combating Desertification in Southern Africa: The NAP Process: SADC-ELMS workshop, Windhoek, Namibia, 26-28 May 1997. Maseru, Lesotho: SADC-Environment and Land Management Sector (SADC-ELMS) Coordination Unit, 1997.

Fortmann, Louise and John Bruce. You've got to know who Controls the Land & Trees People Use: Gender, Tenure, and the Environment. Harare, Zimbabwe: Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, between 1991 and 1993.

Godana, Bonaya A. and Patrick W. Wargute. The Impact of Insecurity on Resource Use and the Environment in Northern Kenya: A Case of Marsabit District. Kampala, Uganda: Centre for Basic Research, 1999.

Halake, Joseph Diid. The Problem of Land-Use Conflicts Between Pastoralism and other Forms of Land-Use in Central Division of Marsabit District, Kenya. Kampala, Uganda: Centre for Basic Research, 1999.

Kirk, Michael. Land Tenure, Technological Change, and Resource Use: Transformation Processes in African Agrarian Systems. New York: Peter Lang, 1999.

Lane, Charles R. (ed). Custodians of the Commons: Pastoral Land Tenure in East and West Africa. London, UK: Earthscan, 1998.

Lawry, Steven W. Tenure Policy and Natural Resource Management in Sahelian West Africa. Madison, WI: Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1989.

Makombe, Kudzai (ed). Sharing the Land: Wildlife, People and Development in Africa. Harare, Zimbabwe: IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa in association with the IUCN Sustainable Use of Wildlife Programme, 1993.

Maro, Paul S. (ed). Integrated Land Use Planning in Semi-Arid Areas: Report on the Second SADC-ELMS Practical Workshop held in Tlokweng and Mogobane, Botswana, 11-30 October 1992. Maseru, Lesotho: SADC Environment and Land Management Sector Coordination Unit, 1996.

Moyo, Sam. The Land Question in Zimbabwe. Harare, Zimbabwe: SAPES Books, 1995.

Mutefpa, F. (ed). Enhancing Land Reforms in Southern Africa: Case Studies on Land Reform Strategies and Community Based Natural Resources Management. Harare, Zimbabwe: ZERO-Regional Environment Organisation, 1998.

Palmer, Robin H. Contested Lands in Southern and Eastern Africa: A Literature Survey. Oxford, UK: Oxfam UK; Herndon, VA: Stylus Pub. [distributor], 1997.

Thomas, Michael Frederic and G.W. Whittington (eds). Environment and Land Use in Africa. London, UK: Methuen, 1969.

Toulmin, Camilla and Julian Quan (eds). Evolving Land Rights, Policy, and Tenure in Africa. London: IIED, Natural Resources Institute, 2000.

United Nations Environment Programme. Overview of Land-Based Sources and Activities Affecting the Marine, Coastal and Associated Freshwater Environment in the Eastern African Region. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: United Nations Environment Programme, 1998.

Villiers, Bertus de. Land Claims and National Parks--the Makuleke Experience. Pretoria, South Africa: Human Sciences Research Council, 1999.

West, Henry W. On African Land Holding: A Review of Tenurial Change and Land Policies in Anglophone Africa. Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen Press, 2000.

Zyl, Johan van, Johann Kirsten, and Hans P. Binswanger (eds). Agricultural Land Reform in South Africa: Policies, Markets and Mechanisms. Cape Town, South Africa: Oxford University Press, 1996.

National Parks, Eco-tourism and the Environment

Ceballos-Lascurain, Hector. Tourism, ecotourism, and protected areas: The state of nature-based tourism around the world and guidelines for its development. Cambridge, UK: IUCN, 1996.

Ghimire, Krishna B. and Michel P. Pimbert (eds). Social change and conservation: Environmental politics and impacts of national parks and protected areas. London: Earthscan Publications, 1997.

Honey, Martha. Ecotourism and sustainable development: Who owns paradise? Washington, DC: Island Press, 1999.

International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Managing protected areas in the tropics. Gland, Switzerland: The Union, 1986.

Jones, Brian T. B. Parks and resident peoples: Linking Namibian protected areas with local communities. Windhoek, Namibia : Directorate of Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, 1997.

Koch, Eddie. Reality or rhetoric?: Ecotourism and rural reconstruction in South Africa. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 1994.

Kramer, Randall A. Valuing tropical forests: methodology and case study of Madagascar. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1995.

Little, A. M. The impact of tourism on the environment and the culture of the local population. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: Institute of Natural Resources, University of Natal, 1991.

McNeely, Jeffrey A., James W. Thorsell, and Hector Ceballos-Lascurain. Guidelines, development of national parks and protected areas for tourism. Madrid, Spain: World Tourism Organization; Paris, France: United Nations Environment Programme, 1992.

Reid, D. G. (ed). Ecotourism development in eastern and southern Africa. Ontario, Canada: University of Guelph, 1999.

Van den Hoven, W. G. Tourism & tourism needs in North & South Omo. Amersfoort, Netherlands: DHV Consultants, 1997.

Vision of wildlife: Ecotourism and the environment in Southern Africa. Johannesburg, South Africa: The Endangered Wildlife Trust, 1993-1994.

War, Conflict, and the Environment

Grunawalt, Richard J., John E. King, and Ronald S. McClain (eds). Protection of the Environment during Armed Conflict. Newport, RI: Naval War College, 1996.

Gupta, Joyeeta. The Climate Change Convention and Developing Countries: From Conflict to Consensus? Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997.

Hendrickson, Dylan. Conflict and Vulnerability to Famine: Livestock Raiding in Turkana, Kenya. London: International Institute for Environment and Development, Drylands Programme, 1998.

Hindson, Doug and Jeff McCarthy (eds). Here to Stay: Informal Settlements in KwaZulu-Natal. Dalbridge, South Africa: Indicator Press, 1994.

Homer-Dixon, Thomas F. Environment, Scarcity, and Violence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999.

Kemf, Elizabeth (ed). The Law of the Mother: Protecting Indigenous Peoples in Protected Areas. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1993.

Kidane, R. S. The Patterns and Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Conflict in Eritrea. Leeds, England: Centre for Development Studies, n.d.

Markakis, John. Resource Conflict in the Horn of Africa. London: Sage, 1998.

Richards, Paul. Fighting for the Rainforest: War, Youth & Resources in Sierra Leone. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1998.

Rock, June. Village and Household Food Security after War and Drought in Eritrea. Leeds, UK: Centre for Development Studies, n.d.

Salem-Murdock, Muneera and Madiodio Niasse. Water Conflict in the Senegal River Valley: Implications of a "no-flood" Scenario. London, UK: International Institute for Environment and Development, Drylands Programme, 1996.

Trolldalen, Jon Martin. International Environmental Conflict Resolution: The Role of the United Nations. Washington, DC: WFED, 1992.

Steve Marr, Graduate Assistant in African Studies
June 25, 2001

 

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